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Title: Evidence for a mixed mass composition at the ‘ankle’ in the cosmic-ray spectrum

Journal Article · · Physics Letters B
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Here, we report a first measurement for ultra-high energy cosmic rays of the correlation between the depth of shower maximum and the signal in the water Cherenkov stations of air-showers registered simultaneously by the fluorescence and the surface detectors of the Pierre Auger Observatory. Such a correlation measurement is a unique feature of a hybrid air-shower observatory with sensitivity to both the electromagnetic and muonic components. It allows an accurate determination of the spread of primary masses in the cosmic-ray flux. Up till now, constraints on the spread of primary masses have been dominated by systematic uncertainties. The present correlation measurement is not affected by systematics in the measurement of the depth of shower maximum or the signal in the water Cherenkov stations. The analysis relies on general characteristics of air showers and is thus robust also with respect to uncertainties in hadronic event generators. The observed correlation in the energy range around the `ankle' at $$\lg(E/{\rm eV})=18.5-19.0$$ differs significantly from expectations for pure primary cosmic-ray compositions. A light composition made up of proton and helium only is equally inconsistent with observations. The data are explained well by a mixed composition including nuclei with mass $A > 4$. Scenarios such as the proton dip model, with almost pure compositions, are thus disfavoured as the sole explanation of the ultrahigh-energy cosmic-ray flux at Earth.

Research Organization:
Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory (FNAL), Batavia, IL (United States)
Sponsoring Organization:
USDOE Office of Science (SC), High Energy Physics (HEP)
Contributing Organization:
Pierre Auger Collaboration
Grant/Contract Number:
AC02-07CH11359; FR02-04ER41300; FG02-99ER41107; SC0011689
OSTI ID:
1476956
Alternate ID(s):
OSTI ID: 1327487
Report Number(s):
FERMILAB-PUB-16-412-AD-AE-CD-TD; arXiv:1609.08567; S0370269316305433; PII: S0370269316305433
Journal Information:
Physics Letters B, Journal Name: Physics Letters B Vol. 762 Journal Issue: C; ISSN 0370-2693
Publisher:
ElsevierCopyright Statement
Country of Publication:
Netherlands
Language:
English
Citation Metrics:
Cited by: 53 works
Citation information provided by
Web of Science

Cited By (12)

Recent results from the Pierre Auger Observatory on the mass composition and hadronic interactions of ultra-high energy cosmic rays journal January 2017
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Prompt neutrino fluxes in the atmosphere with PROSA parton distribution functions journal May 2017
The differential cosmic ray energy flux in the light of an ultrarelativistic generalized Lorentzian thermodynamics journal January 2018
Multi-messenger astrophysics journal October 2019
Probing the origin of ultra-high-energy cosmic rays with neutrinos in the EeV energy range using the Pierre Auger Observatory journal October 2019
Impact of using the ultrahigh-energy cosmic ray arrival energies to constrain source associations journal January 2019
Performance and science reach of the Probe of Extreme Multimessenger Astrophysics for ultrahigh-energy particles journal January 2020
Acceleration of ultrahigh-energy cosmic rays in starburst superwinds journal March 2018
Nuclear Physics Meets the Sources of the Ultra-High Energy Cosmic Rays text January 2017
A New View on Auger Data and Cosmogenic Neutrinos in Light of Different Nuclear Disintegration and Air-shower Models journal March 2019