Gauge invariance in the theoretical description of time-resolved angle-resolved pump/probe photoemission spectroscopy
Nonequilibrium calculations in the presence of an electric field are usually performed in a gauge, and need to be transformed to reveal the gauge-invariant observables. In this work, we discuss the issue of gauge invariance in the context of time-resolved angle-resolved pump/probe photoemission. If the probe is applied while the pump is still on, one must ensure that the calculations of the observed photocurrent are gauge invariant. We also discuss the requirement of the photoemission signal to be positive and the relationship of this constraint to gauge invariance. We end by discussing some technical details related to the perturbative derivation of the photoemission spectra, which involve processes where the pump pulse photoexcites electrons due to nonequilibrium effects.
- Research Organization:
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory (SLAC), Menlo Park, CA (United States)
- Sponsoring Organization:
- USDOE Office of Science (SC)
- DOE Contract Number:
- AC02-76SF00515
- OSTI ID:
- 1270633
- Report Number(s):
- SLAC-PUB-16652; arXiv:1403.7585
- Journal Information:
- Physica Scripta, Vol. T165; ISSN 0031-8949
- Publisher:
- IOP Publishing
- Country of Publication:
- United States
- Language:
- English
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