Modeling electron emission and surface effects from diamond cathodes

Dimitrov, D. A.; Smithe, D.; Cary, J. R.; Ben-Zvi, I.; Rao, T.; Smedley, J.; Wang, E.

doi:10.1063/1.4907393

Title: Modeling electron emission and surface effects from diamond cathodes

Journal Article · Thu Feb 05 00:00:00 EST 2015 · Journal of Applied Physics

DOI:https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4907393· OSTI ID:1183839

Dimitrov, D. A. ^[1]; Smithe, D. ^[1]; Cary, J. R. ^[1]; Ben-Zvi, I. ^[2]; Rao, T. ^[2]; Smedley, J. ^[2]; Wang, E. ^[2]

Tech-X Corporation, Boulder, CO (United States)
Brookhaven National Lab. (BNL), Upton, NY (United States)

We developed modeling capabilities, within the Vorpal particle-in-cell code, for three-dimensional (3D) simulations of surface effects and electron emission from semiconductor photocathodes. They include calculation of emission probabilities using general, piece-wise continuous, space-time dependent surface potentials, effective mass and band bending field effects. We applied these models, in combination with previously implemented capabilities for modeling charge generation and transport in diamond, to investigate the emission dependence on applied electric field in the range from approximately 2 MV/m to 17 MV/m along the [100] direction. The simulation results were compared to experimental data. For the considered parameter regime, conservation of transverse electron momentum (in the plane of the emission surface) allows direct emission from only two (parallel to [100]) of the six equivalent lowest conduction band valleys. When the electron affinity χ is the only parameter varied in the simulations, the value χ = 0.31 eV leads to overall qualitative agreement with the probability of emission deduced from experiments. Including band bending in the simulations improves the agreement with the experimental data, particularly at low applied fields, but not significantly. In this study, using surface potentials with different profiles further allows us to investigate the emission as a function of potential barrier height, width, and vacuum level position. However, adding surface patches with different levels of hydrogenation, modeled with position-dependent electron affinity, leads to the closest agreement with the experimental data.

View Accepted Manuscript (DOE)

View Accepted Manuscript (Publisher)

Cite

Export

Save

Research Organization:: Brookhaven National Laboratory (BNL), Upton, NY (United States)

Sponsoring Organization:: USDOE Office of Science (SC), Nuclear Physics (NP)

Grant/Contract Number:: SC00112704; SC0006246; SC0007577

OSTI ID:: 1183839

Alternate ID(s):: OSTI ID: 1228522

Report Number(s):: BNL-107899-2015-JA; JAPIAU; R&D Project: KBCH139; KB0202011; TRN: US1500516

Journal Information:: Journal of Applied Physics, Vol. 117, Issue 5; ISSN 0021-8979

Publisher:: American Institute of Physics (AIP)Copyright Statement

Country of Publication:: United States

Language:: English

Citation Metrics:

Cited by: 8 works

Citation information provided by
Web of Science

References (50)

First Operation of a Free-Electron Laser Deacon, D. A. G.; Elias, L. R.; Madey, J. M. J. Physical Review Letters, Vol. 38, Issue 16 https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.38.892	journal	April 1977
Energy recovery linacs as synchrotron radiation sources (invited) Gruner, Sol M.; Bilderback, Don; Bazarov, Ivan Review of Scientific Instruments, Vol. 73, Issue 3 https://doi.org/10.1063/1.1420754	journal	March 2002
Lasertron: A Pulsed rf Source Using a Laser-Triggered Photocathode Yoshioka, Masakazu Japanese Journal of Applied Physics, Vol. 28, Issue Part 1, No. 6 https://doi.org/10.1143/JJAP.28.1079	journal	June 1989
Secondary-electron emission from hydrogen-terminated diamond: Experiments and model Wang, Erdong; Ben-Zvi, Ilan; Rao, Triveni Physical Review Special Topics - Accelerators and Beams, Vol. 14, Issue 11 https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevSTAB.14.111301	journal	November 2011
Systematic study of hydrogenation in a diamond amplifier Wang, Erdong; Ben-Zvi, Ilan; Chang, Xiangyun Physical Review Special Topics - Accelerators and Beams, Vol. 14, Issue 6 https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevSTAB.14.061302	journal	June 2011
Secondary electron emission characteristics of single-crystal and polycrystalline diamond Yater, J. E.; Shih, A. Journal of Applied Physics, Vol. 87, Issue 11 https://doi.org/10.1063/1.373505	journal	June 2000
Effect of material properties on low-energy electron transmission in thin chemical-vapor deposited diamond films Yater, J. E.; Shih, A.; Butler, J. E. Journal of Applied Physics, Vol. 97, Issue 9 https://doi.org/10.1063/1.1893212	journal	May 2005
Single crystal diamond photodiode for soft X-ray radiometry Keister, Jeffrey W.; Smedley, John Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section A: Accelerators, Spectrometers, Detectors and Associated Equipment, Vol. 606, Issue 3 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nima.2009.04.044	journal	July 2009
Diamond Photodiodes for X-ray Applications Smedley, John; Keister, Jeffrey W.; Muller, Erik M. MRS Proceedings, Vol. 1203 https://doi.org/10.1557/PROC-1203-J17-21	journal	January 2009
Carbon edge response of diamond devices Muller, Erik M.; Gaowei, Mengjia; Ben-Zvi, Ilan Applied Physics Letters, Vol. 104, Issue 9 https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4868135	journal	March 2014
Low-threshold electron emission from diamond Cui, J. B.; Ristein, J.; Ley, L. Physical Review B, Vol. 60, Issue 23 https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevB.60.16135	journal	December 1999
Diamond Surfaces with Air-Stable Negative Electron Affinity and Giant Electron Yield Enhancement O'Donnell, Kane M.; Edmonds, Mark T.; Ristein, Juergen Advanced Functional Materials, Vol. 23, Issue 45 https://doi.org/10.1002/adfm.201301424	journal	June 2013
Simulations of Charge Gain and Collection Efficiency from Diamond Amplifiers Dimitrov, Dimitre A.; Busby, Richard; Cary, John R. MRS Proceedings, Vol. 1203 https://doi.org/10.1557/PROC-1203-J17-43	journal	January 2009
VORPAL: a versatile plasma simulation code Nieter, Chet; Cary, John R. Journal of Computational Physics, Vol. 196, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcp.2003.11.004	journal	May 2004
Calculations of electron inelastic mean free paths for 31 materials Tanuma, S.; Powell, C. J.; Penn, D. R. Surface and Interface Analysis, Vol. 11, Issue 11 https://doi.org/10.1002/sia.740111107	journal	August 1988
Electron mean-free-path calculations using a model dielectric function Penn, David R. Physical Review B, Vol. 35, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevB.35.482	journal	January 1987
Auger-electron cascades in diamond and amorphous carbon Ziaja, Beata; van der Spoel, David; Szöke, Abraham Physical Review B, Vol. 64, Issue 21 https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevB.64.214104	journal	November 2001
Unified model of secondary electron cascades in diamond Ziaja, Beata; London, Richard A.; Hajdu, Janos Journal of Applied Physics, Vol. 97, Issue 6 https://doi.org/10.1063/1.1853494	journal	March 2005
Ionization by impact electrons in solids: Electron mean free path fitted over a wide energy range Ziaja, Beata; London, Richard A.; Hajdu, Janos Journal of Applied Physics, Vol. 99, Issue 3 https://doi.org/10.1063/1.2161821	journal	February 2006
The Monte Carlo method for the solution of charge transport in semiconductors with applications to covalent materials Jacoboni, Carlo; Reggiani, Lino Reviews of Modern Physics, Vol. 55, Issue 3 https://doi.org/10.1103/RevModPhys.55.645	journal	July 1983
An anisotropic perfectly matched layer-absorbing medium for the truncation of FDTD lattices Gedney, S. D. IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation, Vol. 44, Issue 12 https://doi.org/10.1109/8.546249	journal	January 1996
A locally conformal finite-difference time-domain (FDTD) algorithm for modeling three-dimensional perfectly conducting objects Dey, S.; Mittra, R. IEEE Microwave and Guided Wave Letters, Vol. 7, Issue 9 https://doi.org/10.1109/75.622536	journal	January 1997
A uniformly stable conformal FDTD-method in Cartesian grids Zagorodnov, I. A.; Schuhmann, R.; Weiland, T. International Journal of Numerical Modelling: Electronic Networks, Devices and Fields, Vol. 16, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.1002/jnm.488	journal	January 2003
A stable FDTD algorithm for non-diagonal, anisotropic dielectrics Werner, Gregory R.; Cary, John R. Journal of Computational Physics, Vol. 226, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcp.2007.05.008	journal	September 2007
Photoemissive, Photoconductive, and Optical Absorption Studies of Alkali-Antimony Compounds Spicer, W. E. Physical Review, Vol. 112, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRev.112.114	journal	October 1958
Negative affinity 3–5 photocathodes: Their physics and technology Spicer, W. E. Applied Physics, Vol. 12, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00896137	journal	February 1977
Structure, electronics, and interaction of hydrogen and oxygen on diamond surfaces Sque, S. J.; Jones, R.; Briddon, P. R. Physical Review B, Vol. 73, Issue 8 https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevB.73.085313	journal	February 2006
Multiscale three-dimensional simulations of charge gain and transport in diamond Dimitrov, D. A.; Busby, R.; Cary, J. R. Journal of Applied Physics, Vol. 108, Issue 7 https://doi.org/10.1063/1.3491041	journal	October 2010
Monte Carlo simulations of electron transport properties of diamond in high electric fields using full band structure Watanabe, Tomokatsu; Teraji, Tokuyuki; Ito, Toshimichi Journal of Applied Physics, Vol. 95, Issue 9 https://doi.org/10.1063/1.1682687	journal	May 2004
Electron emission theory and its application: Fowler–Nordheim equation and beyond Jensen, Kevin L. Journal of Vacuum Science & Technology B: Microelectronics and Nanometer Structures, Vol. 21, Issue 4 https://doi.org/10.1116/1.1573664	journal	January 2003
Theory of photoemission from cesium antimonide using an alpha-semiconductor model Jensen, Kevin L.; Jensen, Barbara L.; Montgomery, Eric J. Journal of Applied Physics, Vol. 104, Issue 4 https://doi.org/10.1063/1.2967826	journal	August 2008
The Analysis of Photoelectric Sensitivity Curves for Clean Metals at Various Temperatures Fowler, R. H. Physical Review, Vol. 38, Issue 1, p. 45-56 https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRev.38.45	journal	July 1931
General formulation of thermal, field, and photoinduced electron emission Jensen, Kevin L. Journal of Applied Physics, Vol. 102, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.1063/1.2752122	journal	July 2007
Electron Emission in Intense Electric Fields Fowler, R. H.; Nordheim, L. Proceedings of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences, Vol. 119, Issue 781 https://doi.org/10.1098/rspa.1928.0091	journal	May 1928
A new teaching approach to quantum mechanical tunneling Gilfoyle, G. P. Computer Physics Communications, Vol. 121-122 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0010-4655(99)00409-9	journal	September 1999
Monte Carlo charge transport and photoemission from negative electron affinity GaAs photocathodes Karkare, Siddharth; Dimitrov, Dimitre; Schaff, William Journal of Applied Physics, Vol. 113, Issue 10 https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4794822	journal	March 2013
Simulation of Schottky barrier MOSFETs with a coupled quantum injection/Monte Carlo technique Winstead, B.; Ravaioli, U. IEEE Transactions on Electron Devices, Vol. 47, Issue 6 https://doi.org/10.1109/16.842968	journal	June 2000
Image potential near a gradual interface between two dielectrics Stern, Frank Physical Review B, Vol. 17, Issue 12 https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevB.17.5009	journal	June 1978
Photoelectron surface escape probability of (Ga,In)As : Cs–O in the 0.9 to [inverted lazy s] 1.6 μm range Fisher, D. G.; Enstrom, R. E.; Escher, J. S. Journal of Applied Physics, Vol. 43, Issue 9 https://doi.org/10.1063/1.1661817	journal	September 1972
Electron Affinity of the Bare and Hydrogen Covered Single Crystal Diamond (111) Surface Cui, J. B.; Ristein, J.; Ley, L. Physical Review Letters, Vol. 81, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.81.429	journal	July 1998
Electron affinity of plasma-hydrogenated and chemically oxidized diamond (100) surfaces Maier, F.; Ristein, J.; Ley, L. Physical Review B, Vol. 64, Issue 16 https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevB.64.165411	journal	October 2001
Physics of Semiconductor Devices Sze, S. M.; Ng, Kwok K. https://doi.org/10.1002/0470068329	book	January 2007
Interface‐roughness and island effects on tunneling in quantum wells Liu, H. C.; Coon, D. D. Journal of Applied Physics, Vol. 64, Issue 12 https://doi.org/10.1063/1.342013	journal	December 1988
Multiband treatment of quantum transport in interband tunnel devices Ting, D. Z. -Y.; Yu, E. T.; McGill, T. C. Physical Review B, Vol. 45, Issue 7 https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevB.45.3583	journal	February 1992
Theory of interface-roughness scattering in resonant tunneling Johansson, Peter Physical Review B, Vol. 48, Issue 12 https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevB.48.8938	journal	September 1993
Coherent electron transport across semiconductor heterojunctions with rough interfaces Dietze, W. T.; Darling, R. B. Physical Review B, Vol. 53, Issue 7 https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevB.53.3925	journal	February 1996
Properties of Hydrogen Terminated Diamond as a Photocathode Rameau, J. D.; Smedley, J.; Muller, E. M. Physical Review Letters, Vol. 106, Issue 13, Article No. 137602 https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.106.137602	journal	March 2011
Electron Emission Due to Exciton Breakup from Negative Electron Affinity Diamond Bandis, C.; Pate, B. B. Physical Review Letters, Vol. 74, Issue 5 https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.74.777	journal	January 1995
Elastic and inelastic tunneling of photoelectrons from the dimensional quantization band at a p +-GaAs-(Cs,O) interface into vacuum Orlov, D. A.; Andreev, V. É.; Terekhov, A. S. Journal of Experimental and Theoretical Physics Letters, Vol. 71, Issue 4 https://doi.org/10.1134/1.568302	journal	February 2000
Two-dimensional and zero-dimensional quantization of transfer-doped diamond studied by low-temperature scanning tunneling spectroscopy Bolker, A.; Saguy, C.; Tordjman, M. Physical Review B, Vol. 83, Issue 15 https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevB.83.155434	journal	April 2011

Cited By (7)

Enhancing secondary yield of a diamond amplifier using a nitrogen layer Jensen, Kevin L.; Shaw, Jonathan L.; Yater, Joan E. Journal of Applied Physics, Vol. 117, Issue 21 https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4921804	journal	June 2015
A photoemission moments model using density functional and transfer matrix methods applied to coating layers on surfaces: Theory Jensen, Kevin L.; Finkenstadt, Daniel; Shabaev, Andrew Journal of Applied Physics, Vol. 123, Issue 4 https://doi.org/10.1063/1.5008600	journal	January 2018
Analytical models of transmission probabilities for electron sources Jensen, Kevin L.; Finkenstadt, Daniel; Shiffler, Donald A. Journal of Applied Physics, Vol. 123, Issue 6 https://doi.org/10.1063/1.5018602	journal	February 2018
Modeling of diamond field emitter arrays for a compact source of high brightness electron beams Huang, C. -K.; Andrews, H. L.; Baker, R. C. Journal of Applied Physics, Vol. 125, Issue 16 https://doi.org/10.1063/1.5086292	journal	April 2019
Theory of electron transport and emission from a semiconductor nanotip Piryatinski, Andrei; Huang, Chengkun; Kwan, Thomas J. T. Journal of Applied Physics, Vol. 125, Issue 21 https://doi.org/10.1063/1.5088518	journal	June 2019
Thermal-field and photoemission from meso- and micro-scale features: Effects of screening and roughness on characterization and simulation Jensen, Kevin L.; McDonald, Michael; Chubenko, Oksana Journal of Applied Physics, Vol. 125, Issue 23 https://doi.org/10.1063/1.5097149	journal	June 2019
Theory of electron transport and emission from a semiconductor nanotip Piryatinski, Andrei; Huang, Chengkun; Kwan, Thomas J. T. arXiv https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.1901.02183	text	January 2019

Similar Records

Modeling electron emission and surface effects from diamond cathodes

Journal Article · Sat Feb 07 00:00:00 EST 2015 · Journal of Applied Physics · OSTI ID:1183839

Dimitrov, D. A.; Smithe, D.; Cary, J. R.; +4 more

Simulations of Surface Effects and Electron Emission from Diamond-Amplifier Cathodes

Journal Article · Fri Sep 30 00:00:00 EDT 2011 · Proceedings of IPAC2011 · OSTI ID:1183839

A, Dimitrov D; Rao, T; Busby, R; +7 more

An overview of recent physics results from NSTX

Journal Article · Fri Mar 27 00:00:00 EDT 2015 · Nuclear Fusion · OSTI ID:1183839

Kaye, S. M.; Abrams, T.; Ahn, J. -W.; +140 more

Related Subjects

43 PARTICLE ACCELERATORS
diamond
surface charge
elemental semiconductor
effective mass
electron affinities

Title: Modeling electron emission and surface effects from diamond cathodes

Citation Formats

References (50)

Cited By (7)

Similar Records

Related Subjects