Probing the Failure Mechanism of SnO{sub 2} Nanowires for Sodium-Ion Batteries

Gu, Meng; Kushima, Akihiro; Shao, Yuyan; Zhang, Ji-Guang; Liu, Jun; Browning, Nigel D; Li, Ju; Wang, Chongmin

doi:10.1021/nl402633n

Title: Probing the Failure Mechanism of SnO{sub 2} Nanowires for Sodium-Ion Batteries

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Abstract

Nonlithium metals such as sodium have attracted wide attention as a potential charge carrying ion for rechargeable batteries. Using in situ transmission electron microscopy in combination with density functional theory calculations, we probed the structural and chemical evolution of SnO{sub 2} nanowire anodes in Na-ion batteries and compared them quantitatively with results from Li-ion batteries (Huang, J. Y.; et al. Science 2010, 330, 1515-1520). Upon Na insertion into SnO{sub 2}, a displacement reaction occurs, leading to the formation of amorphous Na{sub x}Sn nanoparticles dispersed in Na{sub 2}O matrix. With further Na insertion, the Na{sub x}Sn crystallized into Na{sub 15}Sn{sub 4} (x = 3.75). Upon extraction of Na (desodiation), the Na{sub x}Sn transforms to Sn nanoparticles. Associated with the dealloying, pores are found to form, leading to a structure of Sn particles confined in a hollow matrix of Na{sub 2}O. These pores greatly increase electrical impedance, therefore accounting for the poor cyclability of SnO{sub 2}. DFT calculations indicate that Na{sup +} diffuses 30 times slower than Li{sup +} in SnO{sub 2}, in agreement with in situ TEM measurement. Insertion of Na can chemomechanically soften the reaction product to a greater extent than in lithiation. Therefore, in contrast to the lithiation ofmore »« less

Authors:: Gu, Meng; Kushima, Akihiro; Shao, Yuyan; Zhang, Ji-Guang; Liu, Jun; Browning, Nigel D; Li, Ju; Wang, Chongmin

Publication Date:: Mon Sep 30 00:00:00 EDT 2013

Research Org.:: Joint Center for Energy Storage Research (JCESR)

Sponsoring Org.:: USDOE Office of Science (SC), Basic Energy Sciences (BES)

OSTI Identifier:: 1108937

DOE Contract Number:: AC05-76RLO1830

Resource Type:: Journal Article

Journal Name:: Nano Letters

Additional Journal Information:: Journal Volume: 13

Country of Publication:: United States

Language:: English

Subject:: 25 ENERGY STORAGE; 77 NANOSCIENCE AND NANOTECHNOLOGY; Na-ion battery; SnO2 anode; in situ TEM; Na diffusion; DFT calculation; failure mechanism

Citation Formats


                    Gu, Meng, Kushima, Akihiro, Shao, Yuyan, Zhang, Ji-Guang, Liu, Jun, Browning, Nigel D, Li, Ju, and Wang, Chongmin. Probing the Failure Mechanism of SnO{sub 2} Nanowires for Sodium-Ion Batteries.  United States: N. p., 2013. 
        Web.  doi:10.1021/nl402633n.

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                    Gu, Meng, Kushima, Akihiro, Shao, Yuyan, Zhang, Ji-Guang, Liu, Jun, Browning, Nigel D, Li, Ju, & Wang, Chongmin. Probing the Failure Mechanism of SnO{sub 2} Nanowires for Sodium-Ion Batteries.  United States.  https://doi.org/10.1021/nl402633n

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                    Gu, Meng, Kushima, Akihiro, Shao, Yuyan, Zhang, Ji-Guang, Liu, Jun, Browning, Nigel D, Li, Ju, and Wang, Chongmin. 2013.  
        "Probing the Failure Mechanism of SnO{sub 2} Nanowires for Sodium-Ion Batteries".  United States.  https://doi.org/10.1021/nl402633n.

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@article{osti_1108937,

  title        = {Probing the Failure Mechanism of SnO{sub 2} Nanowires for Sodium-Ion Batteries},

  author       = {Gu, Meng and Kushima, Akihiro and Shao, Yuyan and Zhang, Ji-Guang and Liu, Jun and Browning, Nigel D and Li, Ju and Wang, Chongmin},

  abstractNote = {Nonlithium metals such as sodium have attracted wide attention as a potential charge carrying ion for rechargeable batteries. Using in situ transmission electron microscopy in combination with density functional theory calculations, we probed the structural and chemical evolution of SnO{sub 2} nanowire anodes in Na-ion batteries and compared them quantitatively with results from Li-ion batteries (Huang, J. Y.; et al. Science 2010, 330, 1515-1520). Upon Na insertion into SnO{sub 2}, a displacement reaction occurs, leading to the formation of amorphous Na{sub x}Sn nanoparticles dispersed in Na{sub 2}O matrix. With further Na insertion, the Na{sub x}Sn crystallized into Na{sub 15}Sn{sub 4} (x = 3.75). Upon extraction of Na (desodiation), the Na{sub x}Sn transforms to Sn nanoparticles. Associated with the dealloying, pores are found to form, leading to a structure of Sn particles confined in a hollow matrix of Na{sub 2}O. These pores greatly increase electrical impedance, therefore accounting for the poor cyclability of SnO{sub 2}. DFT calculations indicate that Na{sup +} diffuses 30 times slower than Li{sup +} in SnO{sub 2}, in agreement with in situ TEM measurement. Insertion of Na can chemomechanically soften the reaction product to a greater extent than in lithiation. Therefore, in contrast to the lithiation of SnO{sub 2} significantly less dislocation plasticity was seen ahead of the sodiation front. This direct comparison of the results from Na and Li highlights the critical role of ionic size and electronic structure of different ionic species on the charge/discharge rate and failure mechanisms in these batteries.},

  doi          = {10.1021/nl402633n},

  url          = {https://www.osti.gov/biblio/1108937},
  journal      = {Nano Letters},
number       = ,

  volume       = 13,

  place        = {United States},

  year         = {Mon Sep 30 00:00:00 EDT 2013},

  month        = {Mon Sep 30 00:00:00 EDT 2013}

}

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