An Evaluation of the Water Heater Load Potential for Providing Regulation Service
Abstract
This paper investigates the possibility of providing aggregated regulation services with small loads, such as water heaters or air conditioners. A direct-load control algorithm is presented to aggregate the water heater load for the purpose of regulation. A dual-element electric water heater model is developed, which accounts for both thermal dynamics and users’ water consumptions. A realistic regulation signal was used to evaluate the number of water heaters needed and the operational characteristics of a water heater when providing 2-MW regulation service. Modeling results suggest that approximately 33,333 water heaters are needed to provide a 2-MW regulation service 24 hours a day. However, if water heaters only provide regulation from 6:00 to 24:00, approximately 20,000 will be needed. Because the control algorithm has considered the thermal setting of the water heater, the customer comfort is obstructed little. Therefore, the aggregated regulation service provided by water heater loads can become a major source of revenue for load-service entities when the smart grid enables the direct load control.
- Authors:
- Publication Date:
- Research Org.:
- Pacific Northwest National Lab. (PNNL), Richland, WA (United States)
- Sponsoring Org.:
- USDOE
- OSTI Identifier:
- 1026596
- Report Number(s):
- PNNL-SA-70568
Journal ID: ISSN 0885-8950; ITPSEG; 600303000; TRN: US201120%%925
- DOE Contract Number:
- AC05-76RL01830
- Resource Type:
- Journal Article
- Journal Name:
- IEEE Transactions on Power Systems, 26(3):1309-1316
- Additional Journal Information:
- Journal Volume: 26; Journal Issue: 3; Journal ID: ISSN 0885-8950
- Country of Publication:
- United States
- Language:
- English
- Subject:
- 32 ENERGY CONSERVATION, CONSUMPTION, AND UTILIZATION; AIR CONDITIONERS; ALGORITHMS; EVALUATION; REGULATIONS; SIMULATION; WATER; WATER HEATERS; demand-side management, direct load control, electric water heaters, regulation service, wind power integration
Citation Formats
Kondoh, Junji, Lu, Ning, and Hammerstrom, Donald J. An Evaluation of the Water Heater Load Potential for Providing Regulation Service. United States: N. p., 2011.
Web. doi:10.1109/TPWRS.2010.2090909.
Kondoh, Junji, Lu, Ning, & Hammerstrom, Donald J. An Evaluation of the Water Heater Load Potential for Providing Regulation Service. United States. https://doi.org/10.1109/TPWRS.2010.2090909
Kondoh, Junji, Lu, Ning, and Hammerstrom, Donald J. 2011.
"An Evaluation of the Water Heater Load Potential for Providing Regulation Service". United States. https://doi.org/10.1109/TPWRS.2010.2090909.
@article{osti_1026596,
title = {An Evaluation of the Water Heater Load Potential for Providing Regulation Service},
author = {Kondoh, Junji and Lu, Ning and Hammerstrom, Donald J},
abstractNote = {This paper investigates the possibility of providing aggregated regulation services with small loads, such as water heaters or air conditioners. A direct-load control algorithm is presented to aggregate the water heater load for the purpose of regulation. A dual-element electric water heater model is developed, which accounts for both thermal dynamics and users’ water consumptions. A realistic regulation signal was used to evaluate the number of water heaters needed and the operational characteristics of a water heater when providing 2-MW regulation service. Modeling results suggest that approximately 33,333 water heaters are needed to provide a 2-MW regulation service 24 hours a day. However, if water heaters only provide regulation from 6:00 to 24:00, approximately 20,000 will be needed. Because the control algorithm has considered the thermal setting of the water heater, the customer comfort is obstructed little. Therefore, the aggregated regulation service provided by water heater loads can become a major source of revenue for load-service entities when the smart grid enables the direct load control.},
doi = {10.1109/TPWRS.2010.2090909},
url = {https://www.osti.gov/biblio/1026596},
journal = {IEEE Transactions on Power Systems, 26(3):1309-1316},
issn = {0885-8950},
number = 3,
volume = 26,
place = {United States},
year = {Wed Aug 31 00:00:00 EDT 2011},
month = {Wed Aug 31 00:00:00 EDT 2011}
}