Title: Long-rising Type II supernovae from Palomar Transient Factory and Caltech Core-Collapse Project

Abstract

Context. Supernova (SN) 1987A was a peculiar hydrogen-rich event with a long-rising (~84 d) light curve, stemming from the explosion of a compact blue supergiant star. Only a few similar events have been presented in the literature in recent decades. Aims. We present new data for a sample of six long-rising Type II SNe (SNe II), three of which were discovered and observed by the Palomar Transient Factory (PTF) and three observed by the Caltech Core-Collapse Project (CCCP). Our aim is to enlarge this small family of long-rising SNe II, characterizing their differences in terms of progenitor and explosion parameters. We also study the metallicity of their environments. Methods. Optical light curves, spectra, and host-galaxy properties of these SNe are presented and analyzed. Detailed comparisons with known SN 1987A-like events in the literature are shown, with particular emphasis on the absolute magnitudes, colors, expansion velocities, and host-galaxy metallicities. Bolometric properties are derived from the multiband light curves. By modeling the early-time emission with scaling relations derived from the SuperNova Explosion Code (SNEC) models of MESA progenitor stars, we estimate the progenitor radii of these transients. The modeling of the bolometric light curves also allows us to estimate other progenitor andmore » explosion parameters, such as the ejected ⁵⁶Ni mass, the explosion energy, and the ejecta mass. Results. We present PTF12kso, a long-rising SN II that is estimated to have the largest amount of ejected ⁵⁶Ni mass measured for this class. PTF09gpn and PTF12kso are found at the lowest host metallicities observed for this SN group. The variety of early light-curve luminosities depends on the wide range of progenitor radii of these SNe, from a few tens of R_⊙ (SN 2005ci) up to thousands (SN 2004ek) with some intermediate cases between 100 R_⊙ (PTF09gpn) and 300 R_⊙ (SN 2004em). Conclusions. We confirm that long-rising SNe II with light-curve shapes closely resembling that of SN 1987A generally arise from blue supergiant (BSG) stars. However, some of them, such as SN 2004em, likely have progenitors with larger radii (~300 R_⊙, typical of yellow supergiants) and can thus be regarded as intermediate cases between normal SNe IIP and SN 1987A-like SNe. Some extended red supergiant (RSG) stars such as the progenitor of SN 2004ek can also produce long-rising SNe II if they synthesized a large amount of ⁵⁶Ni in the explosion. Lastly, low host metallicity is confirmed as a characteristic of the SNe arising from compact BSG stars.« less

Authors:

Taddia, Francesco ^[1]; Sollerman, J. ^[1]; Fremling, C. ^[1]; Migotto, K. ^[1]; Gal-Yam, A. ^[2]; Armen, S. ^[3]; Duggan, G. ^[4]; Ergon, M. ^[1]; Filippenko, A. V. ^[5]; Fransson, C. ^[1]; Hosseinzadeh, G. ^[6]; Kasliwal, M. M. ^[7]; Laher, R. R. ^[8]; Leloudas, G. ^[9]; Leonard, D. C. ^[10]; Lunnan, R. ^[4]; Masci, F. J. ^[11]; Moon, D. -S. ^[12]; Silverman, J. M. ^[13]; Wozniak, Przemyslaw R.  ^[14]

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1. Stockholm Univ. (Sweden). Oskar Klein Centre, Dept. of Astronomy
2. Weizmann Inst. of Science, Rehovot (Israel). Dept. of Particle Physics & Astrophysics
3. San Diego State Univ., San Diego, CA (United States). Dept. of Astronomy
4. California Inst. of Technology (CalTech), Pasadena, CA (United States). Astronomy Dept.
5. Univ. of California, Berkeley, CA (United States). Dept. of Astronomy
6. Las Cumbres Observatory Global Telescope, Goleta, CA (United States); Univ. of California, Santa Barbara, CA (United States). Dept. of Physics
7. Carnegie Inst. for Science, Pasadena, CA (United States). The Observatories
8. California Inst. of Technology (CalTech), Pasadena, CA (United States). Spitzer Science Center
9. Weizmann Inst. of Science, Rehovot (Israel). Dept. of Particle Physics & Astrophysics; Univ. of Copenhagen (Denmark). The Niels Bohr Inst., Dark Cosmology Centre
10. San Diego State Univ., San Diego, CA (United States). Dept. of Astronomy
11. California Inst. of Technology (CalTech), Pasadena, CA (United States). Infrared Processing and Analysis Center
12. Univ. of Toronto, ON (Canada). Dept. of Astronomy and Astrophysics
13. Univ. of Texas, Austin, TX (United States). Dept. of Astronomy
14. Los Alamos National Lab. (LANL), Los Alamos, NM (United States)

Publication Date:

Wed Mar 09 00:00:00 EST 2016

Research Org.:

Los Alamos National Lab. (LANL), Los Alamos, NM (United States)

Sponsoring Org.:

USDOE Laboratory Directed Research and Development (LDRD) Program; Knut and Alice Wallenberg Foundation; European Union (EU); National Science Foundation (NSF)

OSTI Identifier:

1412869

Report Number(s):

LA-UR-17-27744
Journal ID: ISSN 0004-6361; TRN: US1800384

Grant/Contract Number:  

AC52-06NA25396; AST-1211916; AST-1009571; AST-1210311; AST-1302771

Resource Type:

Accepted Manuscript

Journal Name:

Astronomy and Astrophysics

Additional Journal Information:

Journal Volume: 588; Journal ID: ISSN 0004-6361

Publisher:

EDP Sciences

Country of Publication:

United States

Language:

English

Subject:

79 ASTRONOMY AND ASTROPHYSICS; Astronomy and; supernovae general; Galaxy abundances