Surface determination through atomically resolved secondary-electron imaging

Ciston, J.; Brown, H. G.; D’Alfonso, A. J.; Koirala, P.; Ophus, C.; Lin, Y.; Suzuki, Y.; Inada, H.; Zhu, Y.; Allen, L. J.; Marks, L. D.

doi:10.1038/ncomms8358

Title: Surface determination through atomically resolved secondary-electron imaging

Abstract

We report that unique determination of the atomic structure of technologically relevant surfaces is often limited by both a need for homogeneous crystals and ambiguity of registration between the surface and bulk. Atomically resolved secondary-electron imaging is extremely sensitive to this registration and is compatible with faceted nanomaterials, but has not been previously utilized for surface structure determination. Here we show a detailed experimental atomic-resolution secondary-electron microscopy analysis of the c(6 x 2) reconstruction on strontium titanate (001) coupled with careful simulation of secondary-electron images, density functional theory calculations and surface monolayer-sensitive aberration-corrected plan-view high-resolution transmission electron microscopy. Our work reveals several unexpected findings, including an amended registry of the surface on the bulk and strontium atoms with unusual seven-fold coordination within a typically high surface coverage of square pyramidal TiO₅ units. Lastly, dielectric screening is found to play a critical role in attenuating secondary-electron generation processes from valence orbitals.

Authors:

Ciston, J. ^[1]; Brown, H. G. ^[2]; D’Alfonso, A. J. ^[2]; Koirala, P. ^[3]; Ophus, C. ^[1]; Lin, Y. ^[3]; Suzuki, Y. ^[4]; Inada, H. ^[4]; Zhu, Y. ^[5]; Allen, L. J. ^[2]; Marks, L. D. ^[3]

Lawrence Berkeley National Lab. (LBNL), Berkeley, CA (United States)
Univ. of Melbourne (Australia)
Northwestern Univ., Evanston, IL (United States)
Hitachi High Technologies Corp., Ibaraki (Japan)
Brookhaven National Lab. (BNL), Upton, NY (United States)

Publication Date:: Wed Jun 17 00:00:00 EDT 2015

Research Org.:: Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory (LBNL), Berkeley, CA (United States)

Sponsoring Org.:: USDOE Office of Science (SC), Basic Energy Sciences (BES)

OSTI Identifier:: 1255531

Grant/Contract Number:: FG02-01ER45945; DMR-1206320; AC02-05CH11231; AC02-98CH10886

Resource Type:: Accepted Manuscript

Journal Name:: Nature Communications

Additional Journal Information:: Journal Volume: 6; Journal ID: ISSN 2041-1723

Publisher:: Nature Publishing Group

Country of Publication:: United States

Language:: English

Subject:: 46 INSTRUMENTATION RELATED TO NUCLEAR SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY

Citation Formats


                    Ciston, J., Brown, H. G., D’Alfonso, A. J., Koirala, P., Ophus, C., Lin, Y., Suzuki, Y., Inada, H., Zhu, Y., Allen, L. J., and Marks, L. D. Surface determination through atomically resolved secondary-electron imaging.  United States: N. p., 2015. 
Web.  doi:10.1038/ncomms8358.

Copy to clipboard


                    Ciston, J., Brown, H. G., D’Alfonso, A. J., Koirala, P., Ophus, C., Lin, Y., Suzuki, Y., Inada, H., Zhu, Y., Allen, L. J., & Marks, L. D. Surface determination through atomically resolved secondary-electron imaging.  United States.  https://doi.org/10.1038/ncomms8358

Copy to clipboard


                    Ciston, J., Brown, H. G., D’Alfonso, A. J., Koirala, P., Ophus, C., Lin, Y., Suzuki, Y., Inada, H., Zhu, Y., Allen, L. J., and Marks, L. D. Wed .  
"Surface determination through atomically resolved secondary-electron imaging".  United States.  https://doi.org/10.1038/ncomms8358.  https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1255531.

Copy to clipboard


                    
@article{osti_1255531,

  title        = {Surface determination through atomically resolved secondary-electron imaging},

  author       = {Ciston, J. and Brown, H. G. and D’Alfonso, A. J. and Koirala, P. and Ophus, C. and Lin, Y. and Suzuki, Y. and Inada, H. and Zhu, Y. and Allen, L. J. and Marks, L. D.},

  abstractNote = {We report that unique determination of the atomic structure of technologically relevant surfaces is often limited by both a need for homogeneous crystals and ambiguity of registration between the surface and bulk. Atomically resolved secondary-electron imaging is extremely sensitive to this registration and is compatible with faceted nanomaterials, but has not been previously utilized for surface structure determination. Here we show a detailed experimental atomic-resolution secondary-electron microscopy analysis of the c(6 x 2) reconstruction on strontium titanate (001) coupled with careful simulation of secondary-electron images, density functional theory calculations and surface monolayer-sensitive aberration-corrected plan-view high-resolution transmission electron microscopy. Our work reveals several unexpected findings, including an amended registry of the surface on the bulk and strontium atoms with unusual seven-fold coordination within a typically high surface coverage of square pyramidal TiO5 units. Lastly, dielectric screening is found to play a critical role in attenuating secondary-electron generation processes from valence orbitals.},

  doi          = {10.1038/ncomms8358},

  journal      = {Nature Communications},

  number       = ,

  volume       = 6,

  place        = {United States},

  year         = {Wed Jun 17 00:00:00 EDT 2015},

  month        = {Wed Jun 17 00:00:00 EDT 2015}

}

Copy to clipboard

Journal Article:

Free Publicly Available Full Text

Accepted Manuscript (DOE)

Publisher's Version of Record

https://doi.org/10.1038/ncomms8358

Other availability

Search WorldCat to find libraries that may hold this journal

Citation Metrics:

Cited by: 29 works

Citation information provided by
Web of Science

Save / Share:

Export Metadata

Save to My Library

Works referenced in this record:

Imaging single atoms using secondary electrons with an aberration-corrected electron microscope
journal, September 2009

Zhu, Y.; Inada, H.; Nakamura, K.
Nature Materials, Vol. 8, Issue 10
DOI: 10.1038/nmat2532

Image simulation for atomic resolution secondary electron image
journal, December 2012

Wu, Lijun; Egerton, R. F.; Zhu, Yimei
Ultramicroscopy, Vol. 123
DOI: 10.1016/j.ultramic.2012.06.008

Atomic imaging using secondary electrons in a scanning transmission electron microscope: Experimental observations and possible mechanisms
journal, June 2011

Inada, H.; Su, D.; Egerton, R. F.
Ultramicroscopy, Vol. 111, Issue 7
DOI: 10.1016/j.ultramic.2010.10.002

Secondary electron imaging at atomic resolution using a focused coherent electron probe
journal, February 2013

Brown, H. G.; D'Alfonso, A. J.; Allen, L. J.
Physical Review B, Vol. 87, Issue 5
DOI: 10.1103/PhysRevB.87.054102

Reconstructed Surface Structure of (111) Gold Platelets, Observed by High Resolution Techniques
journal, May 1983

Abdelmoula, K.; Métois, J. J.; Nihoul, G.
Physica Status Solidi (a), Vol. 77, Issue 1
DOI: 10.1002/pssa.2210770152

High resolution images of a reconstructed surface structure on (111) gold platelets: Interpretation and comparison with theoretical models
journal, January 1983

Nihoul, G.; Abdelmoula, K.; Métois, J. J.
Ultramicroscopy, Vol. 12, Issue 4
DOI: 10.1016/0304-3991(83)90249-8

High resolution surface study by In-situ UHV transmission electron microscopy
journal, January 1982

Takayanagi, Kunio
Ultramicroscopy, Vol. 8, Issue 1-2
DOI: 10.1016/0304-3991(82)90284-4

Imaging the Dimers in $Si (111) - (7 \times 7)$
journal, November 1996

Bengu, E.; Plass, R.; Marks, L. D.
Physical Review Letters, Vol. 77, Issue 20
DOI: 10.1103/PhysRevLett.77.4226

Atomic Structure of Si(111)- $(5 \times 2)$ -Au from High Resolution Electron Microscopy and Heavy-Atom Holography
journal, September 1995

Marks, L. D.; Plass, R.
Physical Review Letters, Vol. 75, Issue 11
DOI: 10.1103/PhysRevLett.75.2172

The structure and chemistry of the TiO2-rich surface of SrTiO3 (001)
journal, September 2002

Erdman, Natasha; Poeppelmeier, Kenneth R.; Asta, Mark
Nature, Vol. 419, Issue 6902
DOI: 10.1038/nature01010

SrTiO3(001)-c(6 × 2): a long-range, atomically ordered surface stable in oxygen and ambient air
journal, November 1996

Jiang, Qidu; Zegenhagen, Jörg
Surface Science, Vol. 367, Issue 2
DOI: 10.1016/S0039-6028(96)00990-9

Performance and image analysis of the aberration-corrected Hitachi HD-2700C STEM
journal, March 2009

Inada, H.; Wu, L.; Wall, J.
Journal of Electron Microscopy, Vol. 58, Issue 3
DOI: 10.1093/jmicro/dfp011

Background, status and future of the Transmission Electron Aberration-corrected Microscope project
journal, August 2009

Dahmen, U.; Erni, R.; Radmilovic, V.
Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences, Vol. 367, Issue 1903, p. 3795-3808
DOI: 10.1098/rsta.2009.0094

EDM 1.0: Electron direct methods
journal, February 2005

Kilaas, R.; Marks, L. D.; Own, C. S.
Ultramicroscopy, Vol. 102, Issue 3
DOI: 10.1016/j.ultramic.2004.10.004

Atomic-scale structure of the $Sr Ti O_{3} (001) − c (6 \times 2)$ reconstruction: Experiments and first-principles calculations
journal, July 2007

Lanier, C. H.; van de Walle, A.; Erdman, N.
Physical Review B, Vol. 76, Issue 4
DOI: 10.1103/PhysRevB.76.045421

Surface Structures of SrTiO ₃ (001): A TiO ₂ -rich Reconstruction with a c(4 × 2) Unit Cell
journal, August 2003

Erdman, Natasha; Warschkow, Oliver; Asta, Mark
Journal of the American Chemical Society, Vol. 125, Issue 33
DOI: 10.1021/ja034933h

Vacant-Site Octahedral Tilings on ${SrTiO}_{3}$ (001), the $(\sqrt{13} \times \sqrt{13}) R 33.7 °$ Surface, and Related Structures
journal, April 2011

Kienzle, D. M.; Becerra-Toledo, A. E.; Marks, L. D.
Physical Review Letters, Vol. 106, Issue 17
DOI: 10.1103/PhysRevLett.106.176102

c(6×2) and c(4×2) reconstruction of SrTiO 3 (001)
journal, April 1999

Jiang, Q. D.; Zegenhagen, J.
Surface Science, Vol. 425, Issue 2-3
DOI: 10.1016/S0039-6028(99)00223-X

Formation of single-domain anatase TiO2(001)‐(1×4) islands on SrTiO3(001) after thermal annealing
journal, October 2004

Silly, Fabien; Castell, Martin R.
Applied Physics Letters, Vol. 85, Issue 15
DOI: 10.1063/1.1805177

Low electron energy-loss spectroscopy study of the electronic structure of matrix and Σ19, Σ13 boundaries in SrTiO ₃
journal, January 2005

Hu, K. X.; Jones, I. P.
Journal of Physics D: Applied Physics, Vol. 38, Issue 2
DOI: 10.1088/0022-3727/38/2/002

Synthesis-Dependent Atomic Surface Structures of Oxide Nanoparticles
journal, October 2013

Lin, Yuyuan; Wen, Jianguo; Hu, Linhua
Physical Review Letters, Vol. 111, Issue 15
DOI: 10.1103/PhysRevLett.111.156101

The chemical bond and atomic displacements in SrTiO3 from X-ray diffraction analysis
journal, December 1995

Abramov, Yu. A.; Tsirelson, V. G.; Zavodnik, V. E.
Acta Crystallographica Section B Structural Science, Vol. 51, Issue 6
DOI: 10.1107/S0108768195003752

Charge density distributions of strontium titanate obtained by the maximum entropy method
journal, May 1998

Ikeda, T.
Solid State Ionics, Vol. 108, Issue 1-4
DOI: 10.1016/S0167-2738(98)00033-2

Electron-density distribution in cubic SrTiO ₃ : a comparative γ-ray diffraction study
journal, June 2005

Jauch, W.; Reehuis, M.
Acta Crystallographica Section A Foundations of Crystallography, Vol. 61, Issue 4
DOI: 10.1107/S0108767305013231

Experimental surface charge density of the $Si (100) − 2 \times 1 H$ surface
journal, August 2006

Ciston, J.; Marks, L. D.; Feidenhans’l, R.
Physical Review B, Vol. 74, Issue 8
DOI: 10.1103/PhysRevB.74.085401

Diffraction refinement of localized antibonding at the Si(111) $7 \times 7$ surface
journal, May 2009

Ciston, J.; Subramanian, A.; Robinson, I. K.
Physical Review B, Vol. 79, Issue 19
DOI: 10.1103/PhysRevB.79.193302

Theory of photoemission
journal, July 1976

Pendry, J. B.
Surface Science, Vol. 57, Issue 2
DOI: 10.1016/0039-6028(76)90355-1

Concentric-shell algorithm for Auger and core-level photoelectron diffraction: Theory and applications
journal, September 1993

Saldin, D. K.; Harp, G. R.; Chen, X.
Physical Review B, Vol. 48, Issue 11
DOI: 10.1103/PhysRevB.48.8234

Mapping energy bands in layer compounds from the angular dependence of ultraviolet photoemission
journal, July 1974

Smith, Neville V.; Traum, Morton M.; Di Salvo, F. J.
Solid State Communications, Vol. 15, Issue 2
DOI: 10.1016/0038-1098(74)90743-1

Secondary electron emission from tungsten. Observation of the electronic structure of the semi-infinite crystal
journal, January 1979

Christensen, N. Egede; Willis, R. F.
Journal of Physics C: Solid State Physics, Vol. 12, Issue 1
DOI: 10.1088/0022-3719/12/1/025

Secondary-electron-emission spectroscopy of tungsten: Angular dependence and phenomenology
journal, November 1978

Willis, Roy F.; Christensen, Niels Egede
Physical Review B, Vol. 18, Issue 10
DOI: 10.1103/PhysRevB.18.5140

Electron scattering by atomic hydrogen: Elastic and inelastic phenomena at 13.9–200 eV
journal, November 1991

Bray, Igor; Konovalov, Dmitry A.; McCarthy, Ian E.
Physical Review A, Vol. 44, Issue 9
DOI: 10.1103/PhysRevA.44.5586

Electron scattering by atomic sodium: 3 $^{2}$ S –3 ${}^{2}S$ and 3 $^{2}$ S –3 $^{2}$ P cross sections at 10 to 100 eV
journal, December 1991

Bray, Igor; Konovalov, Dmitry A.; McCarthy, Ian E.
Physical Review A, Vol. 44, Issue 11
DOI: 10.1103/PhysRevA.44.7179

Low-energy elastic scattering of electrons from atomic oxygen
journal, November 1989

Williams, J. F.; Allen, L. J.
Journal of Physics B: Atomic, Molecular and Optical Physics, Vol. 22, Issue 21
DOI: 10.1088/0953-4075/22/21/015

Quantitative electron spectroscopy of surfaces: A standard data base for electron inelastic mean free paths in solids
journal, February 1979

Seah, M. P.; Dench, W. A.
Surface and Interface Analysis, Vol. 1, Issue 1
DOI: 10.1002/sia.740010103

Determination of the complex dielectric function of epitaxial SrTiO3 films using transmission electron energy-loss spectroscopy
journal, March 1999

Ryen, L.; Wang, X.; Helmersson, U.
Journal of Applied Physics, Vol. 85, Issue 5
DOI: 10.1063/1.369602

Theory of dielectric screening and electron energy loss spectroscopy at surfaces
journal, July 2009

Hogan, Conor; Palummo, Maurizia; Del Sole, Rodolfo
Comptes Rendus Physique, Vol. 10, Issue 6
DOI: 10.1016/j.crhy.2009.03.015

Theory and Application for the Scanning Tunneling Microscope
journal, June 1983

Tersoff, J.; Hamann, D. R.
Physical Review Letters, Vol. 50, Issue 25
DOI: 10.1103/PhysRevLett.50.1998

Fixed-Point Optimization of Atoms and Density in DFT
journal, May 2013

Marks, L. D.
Journal of Chemical Theory and Computation, Vol. 9, Issue 6
DOI: 10.1021/ct4001685

Restoring the Density-Gradient Expansion for Exchange in Solids and Surfaces
journal, April 2008

Perdew, John P.; Ruzsinszky, Adrienn; Csonka, Gábor I.
Physical Review Letters, Vol. 100, Issue 13
DOI: 10.1103/PhysRevLett.100.136406

Comparative assessment of a new nonempirical density functional: Molecules and hydrogen-bonded complexes
journal, December 2003

Staroverov, Viktor N.; Scuseria, Gustavo E.; Tao, Jianmin
The Journal of Chemical Physics, Vol. 119, Issue 23
DOI: 10.1063/1.1626543

High resolution surface study by In-situ UHV transmission electron microscopy
journal, January 1982

Takayanagi, Kunio
Ultramicroscopy, Vol. 8, Issue 1-2
DOI: 10.1016/0304-3991(82)90284-4

Single atom imaging in high-resolution UHV electron microscopy: Bi on Si(111) surface
journal, August 1992

Haga, Y.; Takayanagi, K.
Ultramicroscopy, Vol. 45, Issue 1
DOI: 10.1016/0304-3991(92)90041-h

Theory of dielectric screening and electron energy loss spectroscopy at surfaces
journal, July 2009

Hogan, Conor; Palummo, Maurizia; Del Sole, Rodolfo
Comptes Rendus Physique, Vol. 10, Issue 6
DOI: 10.1016/j.crhy.2009.03.015

EDM 1.0: Electron direct methods
journal, February 2005

Kilaas, R.; Marks, L. D.; Own, C. S.
Ultramicroscopy, Vol. 102, Issue 3
DOI: 10.1016/j.ultramic.2004.10.004

Image simulation for atomic resolution secondary electron image
journal, December 2012

Wu, Lijun; Egerton, R. F.; Zhu, Yimei
Ultramicroscopy, Vol. 123
DOI: 10.1016/j.ultramic.2012.06.008

Surface Structures of SrTiO ₃ (001): A TiO ₂ -rich Reconstruction with a c(4 × 2) Unit Cell
journal, August 2003

Erdman, Natasha; Warschkow, Oliver; Asta, Mark
Journal of the American Chemical Society, Vol. 125, Issue 33
DOI: 10.1021/ja034933h

Edge effects
journal, September 2002

O'Keeffe, Michael
Nature, Vol. 419, Issue 6902
DOI: 10.1038/419028a

Background, status and future of the Transmission Electron Aberration-corrected Microscope project
journal, August 2009

Dahmen, U.; Erni, R.; Radmilovic, V.
Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences, Vol. 367, Issue 1903, p. 3795-3808
DOI: 10.1098/rsta.2009.0094

Retarded field calculation of electron energy loss in inhomogeneous dielectrics
journal, March 2002

García de Abajo, F. J.; Howie, A.
Physical Review B, Vol. 65, Issue 11
DOI: 10.1103/physrevb.65.115418

Water-driven structural evolution of the polar MgO (111) surface: An integrated experimental and theoretical approach
journal, February 2009

Ciston, J.; Subramanian, A.; Marks, L. D.
Physical Review B, Vol. 79, Issue 8
DOI: 10.1103/physrevb.79.085421

Theory of Angular Resolved Photoemission from Adsorbates
journal, May 1974

Liebsch, A.
Physical Review Letters, Vol. 32, Issue 21
DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.32.1203

Extinction-free electron diffraction refinement of bonding in SrTiO ₃
journal, August 2004

Friis, Jesper; Jiang, Bin; Spence, John
Acta Crystallographica Section A Foundations of Crystallography, Vol. 60, Issue 5
DOI: 10.1107/s010876730401726x

Electron density and energy density view on the atomic interactions in SrTiO ₃
journal, July 2002

Zhurova, Elizabeth A.; Tsirelson, Vladimir G.
Acta Crystallographica Section B Structural Science, Vol. 58, Issue 4
DOI: 10.1107/s0108768102009692

Atomic Imaging Using Secondary Electrons in a Scanning Transmission Electron Microscope : Experimental Observations and Possible Mechanisms
preprint, January 2010

Inada, H.; Su, D.; Egerton, R. F.
arXiv
DOI: 10.48550/arxiv.1008.5139

Works referencing / citing this record:

Simultaneous atomic-resolution electron ptychography and Z-contrast imaging of light and heavy elements in complex nanostructures
journal, August 2016

Yang, H.; Rutte, R. N.; Jones, L.
Nature Communications, Vol. 7, Issue 1
DOI: 10.1038/ncomms12532

Nanoparticle shape, thermodynamics and kinetics
journal, January 2016

Marks, L. D.; Peng, L.
Journal of Physics: Condensed Matter, Vol. 28, Issue 5
DOI: 10.1088/0953-8984/28/5/053001

Surface-screening mechanisms in ferroelectric thin films and their effect on polarization dynamics and domain structures
journal, January 2018

Kalinin, Sergei V.; Kim, Yunseok; Fong, Dillon D.
Reports on Progress in Physics, Vol. 81, Issue 3
DOI: 10.1088/1361-6633/aa915a

Exact Time-Dependent Exchange-Correlation Potential in Electron Scattering Processes
journal, December 2017

Suzuki, Yasumitsu; Lacombe, Lionel; Watanabe, Kazuyuki
Physical Review Letters, Vol. 119, Issue 26
DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.119.263401

How heteroepitaxy occurs on strontium titanate
journal, April 2019

Cook, Seyoung; Letchworth-Weaver, Kendra; Tung, I-Cheng
Science Advances, Vol. 5, Issue 4
DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.aav0764

Similar Records in DOE PAGES and OSTI.GOV collections:

All Roads Lead to TiO₂: TiO₂-Rich Surfaces of Barium and Strontium Titanate Prepared by Hydrothermal Synthesis

Journal Article Crosby, Lawrence A. ; Chen, Bor-Rong ; Kennedy, Robert M. ; ... - Chemistry of Materials

Through high-resolution electron microscopy, the surface structure of barium titanate and strontium titanate nanoparticles are found to be terminated by a TiO₂ double layer. These results confirm prior observations of TiO₂-rich surface reconstructions on strontium titanate nanoparticles made hydrothermally at high pH and single crystals prepared with wet chemical etching. Of all the reconstructions observed on single crystals for these two materials, we report for first time the √13 × √13R33.7° structure on the {001} facets of hydrothermally prepared barium titanate and strontium titanate nanocrystals. The aqueous environment common to the two preparation methods preferentially leaves strontium and barium depletedmore »« less
Cited by 24
https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.chemmater.7b04404

Full Text Available
Atomic Imaging Using Secondary Electrons in a Scanning Transmission Electron Microscope: Experimental Observations and Possible Mechanisms

Journal Article Su, D ; Inada, H ; Egerton, R F ; ... - Ultramicroscopy

We report detailed investigation of high-resolution imaging using secondaryelectrons (SE) with a sub-nanometer probe in an aberration-corrected transmissionelectron microscope, Hitachi HD2700C. This instrument also allows us to acquire the corresponding annular dark-field (ADF) images both simultaneously and separately. We demonstrate that atomic SE imaging is achievable for a wide range of elements, from uranium to carbon. Using the ADF images as a reference, we studied the SE image intensity and contrast as functions of applied bias, atomic number, crystal tilt, and thickness to shed light on the origin of the unexpected ultrahigh resolution in SE imaging. We have also demonstratedmore »« less
Atomic structure of Ba{sub 0.5}Sr{sub 0.5}TiO{sub 3} thin films on LaAlO{sub 3}

Journal Article Gao, H ; Chen, C L ; Rafferty, B ; ... - Applied Physics Letters

Perovskite barium strontium titanate Ba{sub 0.5}Sr{sub 0.5}TiO{sub 3}(BST) thin films were grown on (001) LaAlO{sub 3} (LAO) using pulsed-laser ablation. The microstructures of the {ital as}-grown BST films were studied with selected electron diffraction, transmission electron microscopy, and scanning transmission electron microscopy. The BST thin films are oriented with their [001] directions parallel to the {l_angle}102{r_angle} directions of the LAO. Both cross-sectional and plan-view studies show the BST films to be single crystals with smooth surfaces. The interfaces were seen to be atomically sharp by cross-sectional, high-resolution electron microscopy. The density of misfit dislocations was consistent with the 4.3{percent} latticemore »« less
https://doi.org/10.1063/1.125071
Aberration-Coreected Electron Microscopy at Brookhaven National Laboratory

Book Zhu, Y ; Wall, J

The last decade witnessed the rapid development and implementation of aberration correction in electron optics, realizing a more-than-70-year-old dream of aberration-free electron microscopy with a spatial resolution below one angstrom [1-9]. With sophisticated aberration correctors, modern electron microscopes now can reveal local structural information unavailable with neutrons and x-rays, such as the local arrangement of atoms, order/disorder, electronic inhomogeneity, bonding states, spin configuration, quantum confinement, and symmetry breaking [10-17]. Aberration correction through multipole-based correctors, as well as the associated improved stability in accelerating voltage, lens supplies, and goniometers in electron microscopes now enables medium-voltage (200-300kV) microscopes to achieve image resolutionmore »« less
Full Text Available
Atomic layer deposition of epitaxial layers of anatase on strontium titanate single crystals: Morphological and photoelectrochemical characterization

Journal Article Kraus, Theodore J. ; Nepomnyashchii, Alexander B. ; Parkinson, B. A., E-mail: bparkin1@uwyo.edu - Journal of Vacuum Science and Technology. A, Vacuum, Surfaces and Films

Atomic layer deposition was used to grow epitaxial layers of anatase (001) TiO{sub 2} on the surface of SrTiO{sub 3} (100) crystals with a 3% lattice mismatch. The epilayers grow as anatase (001) as confirmed by x-ray diffraction. Atomic force microscope images of deposited films showed epitaxial layer-by-layer growth up to about 10 nm, whereas thicker films, of up to 32 nm, revealed the formation of 2–5 nm anatase nanocrystallites oriented in the (001) direction. The anatase epilayers were used as substrates for dye sensitization. The as received strontium titanate crystal was not sensitized with a ruthenium-based dye (N3) or a thiacyanine dyemore »« less
https://doi.org/10.1116/1.4902328

Similar Records

Title: Surface determination through atomically resolved secondary-electron imaging

Abstract

Citation Formats

Imaging single atoms using secondary electrons with an aberration-corrected electron microscope journal, September 2009

Image simulation for atomic resolution secondary electron image journal, December 2012

Atomic imaging using secondary electrons in a scanning transmission electron microscope: Experimental observations and possible mechanisms journal, June 2011

Secondary electron imaging at atomic resolution using a focused coherent electron probe journal, February 2013

Reconstructed Surface Structure of (111) Gold Platelets, Observed by High Resolution Techniques journal, May 1983

High resolution images of a reconstructed surface structure on (111) gold platelets: Interpretation and comparison with theoretical models journal, January 1983

High resolution surface study by In-situ UHV transmission electron microscopy journal, January 1982

Imaging the Dimers in Si ( 111 ) − ( 7 × 7 ) journal, November 1996

Atomic Structure of Si(111)- ( 5 × 2 ) -Au from High Resolution Electron Microscopy and Heavy-Atom Holography journal, September 1995

The structure and chemistry of the TiO2-rich surface of SrTiO3 (001) journal, September 2002

SrTiO3(001)-c(6 × 2): a long-range, atomically ordered surface stable in oxygen and ambient air journal, November 1996

Performance and image analysis of the aberration-corrected Hitachi HD-2700C STEM journal, March 2009

Background, status and future of the Transmission Electron Aberration-corrected Microscope project journal, August 2009

EDM 1.0: Electron direct methods journal, February 2005

Atomic-scale structure of the Sr Ti O 3 ( 001 ) − c ( 6 × 2 ) reconstruction: Experiments and first-principles calculations journal, July 2007

Surface Structures of SrTiO 3 (001): A TiO 2 -rich Reconstruction with a c(4 × 2) Unit Cell journal, August 2003

Vacant-Site Octahedral Tilings on SrTiO 3 (001), the ( 13 × 13 ) R 33.7 ° Surface, and Related Structures journal, April 2011

c(6×2) and c(4×2) reconstruction of SrTiO 3 (001) journal, April 1999

Formation of single-domain anatase TiO2(001)‐(1×4) islands on SrTiO3(001) after thermal annealing journal, October 2004

Low electron energy-loss spectroscopy study of the electronic structure of matrix and Σ19, Σ13 boundaries in SrTiO 3 journal, January 2005

Synthesis-Dependent Atomic Surface Structures of Oxide Nanoparticles journal, October 2013

The chemical bond and atomic displacements in SrTiO3 from X-ray diffraction analysis journal, December 1995

Charge density distributions of strontium titanate obtained by the maximum entropy method journal, May 1998

Electron-density distribution in cubic SrTiO 3 : a comparative γ-ray diffraction study journal, June 2005

Experimental surface charge density of the Si ( 100 ) − 2 × 1 H surface journal, August 2006

Diffraction refinement of localized antibonding at the Si(111) 7 × 7 surface journal, May 2009

Theory of photoemission journal, July 1976

Concentric-shell algorithm for Auger and core-level photoelectron diffraction: Theory and applications journal, September 1993

Mapping energy bands in layer compounds from the angular dependence of ultraviolet photoemission journal, July 1974

Secondary electron emission from tungsten. Observation of the electronic structure of the semi-infinite crystal journal, January 1979

Secondary-electron-emission spectroscopy of tungsten: Angular dependence and phenomenology journal, November 1978

Electron scattering by atomic hydrogen: Elastic and inelastic phenomena at 13.9–200 eV journal, November 1991

Electron scattering by atomic sodium: 3 2 S –3 S 2 and 3 2 S –3 2 P cross sections at 10 to 100 eV journal, December 1991

Low-energy elastic scattering of electrons from atomic oxygen journal, November 1989

Quantitative electron spectroscopy of surfaces: A standard data base for electron inelastic mean free paths in solids journal, February 1979

Determination of the complex dielectric function of epitaxial SrTiO3 films using transmission electron energy-loss spectroscopy journal, March 1999

Theory of dielectric screening and electron energy loss spectroscopy at surfaces journal, July 2009

Theory and Application for the Scanning Tunneling Microscope journal, June 1983

Fixed-Point Optimization of Atoms and Density in DFT journal, May 2013

Restoring the Density-Gradient Expansion for Exchange in Solids and Surfaces journal, April 2008

Comparative assessment of a new nonempirical density functional: Molecules and hydrogen-bonded complexes journal, December 2003

High resolution surface study by In-situ UHV transmission electron microscopy journal, January 1982

Single atom imaging in high-resolution UHV electron microscopy: Bi on Si(111) surface journal, August 1992

Theory of dielectric screening and electron energy loss spectroscopy at surfaces journal, July 2009

EDM 1.0: Electron direct methods journal, February 2005

Image simulation for atomic resolution secondary electron image journal, December 2012

Surface Structures of SrTiO 3 (001): A TiO 2 -rich Reconstruction with a c(4 × 2) Unit Cell journal, August 2003

Edge effects journal, September 2002

Background, status and future of the Transmission Electron Aberration-corrected Microscope project journal, August 2009

Retarded field calculation of electron energy loss in inhomogeneous dielectrics journal, March 2002

Water-driven structural evolution of the polar MgO (111) surface: An integrated experimental and theoretical approach journal, February 2009

Theory of Angular Resolved Photoemission from Adsorbates journal, May 1974

Extinction-free electron diffraction refinement of bonding in SrTiO 3 journal, August 2004

Electron density and energy density view on the atomic interactions in SrTiO 3 journal, July 2002

Atomic Imaging Using Secondary Electrons in a Scanning Transmission Electron Microscope : Experimental Observations and Possible Mechanisms preprint, January 2010

Simultaneous atomic-resolution electron ptychography and Z-contrast imaging of light and heavy elements in complex nanostructures journal, August 2016

Nanoparticle shape, thermodynamics and kinetics journal, January 2016

Surface-screening mechanisms in ferroelectric thin films and their effect on polarization dynamics and domain structures journal, January 2018

Exact Time-Dependent Exchange-Correlation Potential in Electron Scattering Processes journal, December 2017

How heteroepitaxy occurs on strontium titanate journal, April 2019

Imaging single atoms using secondary electrons with an aberration-corrected electron microscope
journal, September 2009

Image simulation for atomic resolution secondary electron image
journal, December 2012

Atomic imaging using secondary electrons in a scanning transmission electron microscope: Experimental observations and possible mechanisms
journal, June 2011

Secondary electron imaging at atomic resolution using a focused coherent electron probe
journal, February 2013

Reconstructed Surface Structure of (111) Gold Platelets, Observed by High Resolution Techniques
journal, May 1983

High resolution images of a reconstructed surface structure on (111) gold platelets: Interpretation and comparison with theoretical models
journal, January 1983

High resolution surface study by In-situ UHV transmission electron microscopy
journal, January 1982

Imaging the Dimers in $Si (111) - (7 \times 7)$
journal, November 1996

Atomic Structure of Si(111)- $(5 \times 2)$ -Au from High Resolution Electron Microscopy and Heavy-Atom Holography
journal, September 1995

The structure and chemistry of the TiO2-rich surface of SrTiO3 (001)
journal, September 2002

SrTiO3(001)-c(6 × 2): a long-range, atomically ordered surface stable in oxygen and ambient air
journal, November 1996

Performance and image analysis of the aberration-corrected Hitachi HD-2700C STEM
journal, March 2009

Background, status and future of the Transmission Electron Aberration-corrected Microscope project
journal, August 2009

EDM 1.0: Electron direct methods
journal, February 2005

Atomic-scale structure of the $Sr Ti O_{3} (001) − c (6 \times 2)$ reconstruction: Experiments and first-principles calculations
journal, July 2007

Surface Structures of SrTiO ₃ (001): A TiO ₂ -rich Reconstruction with a c(4 × 2) Unit Cell
journal, August 2003

Vacant-Site Octahedral Tilings on ${SrTiO}_{3}$ (001), the $(\sqrt{13} \times \sqrt{13}) R 33.7 °$ Surface, and Related Structures
journal, April 2011

c(6×2) and c(4×2) reconstruction of SrTiO 3 (001)
journal, April 1999

Formation of single-domain anatase TiO2(001)‐(1×4) islands on SrTiO3(001) after thermal annealing
journal, October 2004

Low electron energy-loss spectroscopy study of the electronic structure of matrix and Σ19, Σ13 boundaries in SrTiO ₃
journal, January 2005

Synthesis-Dependent Atomic Surface Structures of Oxide Nanoparticles
journal, October 2013

The chemical bond and atomic displacements in SrTiO3 from X-ray diffraction analysis
journal, December 1995

Charge density distributions of strontium titanate obtained by the maximum entropy method
journal, May 1998

Electron-density distribution in cubic SrTiO ₃ : a comparative γ-ray diffraction study
journal, June 2005

Experimental surface charge density of the $Si (100) − 2 \times 1 H$ surface
journal, August 2006

Diffraction refinement of localized antibonding at the Si(111) $7 \times 7$ surface
journal, May 2009

Theory of photoemission
journal, July 1976

Concentric-shell algorithm for Auger and core-level photoelectron diffraction: Theory and applications
journal, September 1993

Mapping energy bands in layer compounds from the angular dependence of ultraviolet photoemission
journal, July 1974

Secondary electron emission from tungsten. Observation of the electronic structure of the semi-infinite crystal
journal, January 1979

Secondary-electron-emission spectroscopy of tungsten: Angular dependence and phenomenology
journal, November 1978

Electron scattering by atomic hydrogen: Elastic and inelastic phenomena at 13.9–200 eV
journal, November 1991

Electron scattering by atomic sodium: 3 $^{2}$ S –3 ${}^{2}S$ and 3 $^{2}$ S –3 $^{2}$ P cross sections at 10 to 100 eV
journal, December 1991

Low-energy elastic scattering of electrons from atomic oxygen
journal, November 1989

Quantitative electron spectroscopy of surfaces: A standard data base for electron inelastic mean free paths in solids
journal, February 1979

Determination of the complex dielectric function of epitaxial SrTiO3 films using transmission electron energy-loss spectroscopy
journal, March 1999

Theory of dielectric screening and electron energy loss spectroscopy at surfaces
journal, July 2009

Theory and Application for the Scanning Tunneling Microscope
journal, June 1983

Fixed-Point Optimization of Atoms and Density in DFT
journal, May 2013

Restoring the Density-Gradient Expansion for Exchange in Solids and Surfaces
journal, April 2008

Comparative assessment of a new nonempirical density functional: Molecules and hydrogen-bonded complexes
journal, December 2003

High resolution surface study by In-situ UHV transmission electron microscopy
journal, January 1982

Single atom imaging in high-resolution UHV electron microscopy: Bi on Si(111) surface
journal, August 1992

Theory of dielectric screening and electron energy loss spectroscopy at surfaces
journal, July 2009

EDM 1.0: Electron direct methods
journal, February 2005

Image simulation for atomic resolution secondary electron image
journal, December 2012

Surface Structures of SrTiO ₃ (001): A TiO ₂ -rich Reconstruction with a c(4 × 2) Unit Cell
journal, August 2003

Edge effects
journal, September 2002

Background, status and future of the Transmission Electron Aberration-corrected Microscope project
journal, August 2009

Retarded field calculation of electron energy loss in inhomogeneous dielectrics
journal, March 2002

Water-driven structural evolution of the polar MgO (111) surface: An integrated experimental and theoretical approach
journal, February 2009

Theory of Angular Resolved Photoemission from Adsorbates
journal, May 1974

Extinction-free electron diffraction refinement of bonding in SrTiO ₃
journal, August 2004

Electron density and energy density view on the atomic interactions in SrTiO ₃
journal, July 2002

Atomic Imaging Using Secondary Electrons in a Scanning Transmission Electron Microscope : Experimental Observations and Possible Mechanisms
preprint, January 2010

Simultaneous atomic-resolution electron ptychography and Z-contrast imaging of light and heavy elements in complex nanostructures
journal, August 2016

Nanoparticle shape, thermodynamics and kinetics
journal, January 2016

Surface-screening mechanisms in ferroelectric thin films and their effect on polarization dynamics and domain structures
journal, January 2018

Exact Time-Dependent Exchange-Correlation Potential in Electron Scattering Processes
journal, December 2017

How heteroepitaxy occurs on strontium titanate
journal, April 2019