Mechanisms of flame stabilisation at low lifted height in a turbulent lifted slot-jet flame

Karami, Shahram; Hawkes, Evatt R.; Talei, Mohsen; Chen, Jacqueline H.

doi:10.1017/jfm.2015.334

Title: Mechanisms of flame stabilisation at low lifted height in a turbulent lifted slot-jet flame

Abstract

A turbulent lifted slot-jet flame is studied using direct numerical simulation (DNS). A one-step chemistry model is employed with a mixture-fraction-dependent activation energy which can reproduce qualitatively the dependence of the laminar burning rate on the equivalence ratio that is typical of hydrocarbon fuels. The basic structure of the flame base is first examined and discussed in the context of earlier experimental studies of lifted flames. Several features previously observed in experiments are noted and clarified. Some other unobserved features are also noted. Comparison with previous DNS modelling of hydrogen flames reveals significant structural differences. The statistics of flow and relative edge-flame propagation velocity components conditioned on the leading edge locations are then examined. The results show that, on average, the streamwise flame propagation and streamwise flow balance, thus demonstrating that edge-flame propagation is the basic stabilisation mechanism. Fluctuations of the edge locations and net edge velocities are, however, significant. It is demonstrated that the edges tend to move in an essentially two-dimensional (2D) elliptical pattern (laterally outwards towards the oxidiser, then upstream, then inwards towards the fuel, then downstream again). It is proposed that this is due to the passage of large eddies, as outlined in Suet al.(Combust. Flame, vol. 144more »« less

Authors:

Karami, Shahram ^[1]; Hawkes, Evatt R. ^[1]; Talei, Mohsen ^[1]; Chen, Jacqueline H. ^[2]

Univ. of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW (Australia)
Sandia National Lab. (SNL-CA), Livermore, CA (United States)

Publication Date:: Thu Jul 23 00:00:00 EDT 2015

Research Org.:: Sandia National Lab. (SNL-CA), Livermore, CA (United States)

Sponsoring Org.:: USDOE Office of Science (SC), Basic Energy Sciences (BES); USDOE National Nuclear Security Administration (NNSA)

OSTI Identifier:: 1235328

Alternate Identifier(s):: OSTI ID: 1259835

Report Number(s):: SAND-2014-17721J; SAND-2015-7322J
Journal ID: ISSN 0022-1120; applab; PII: S0022112015003341

Grant/Contract Number:: AC04-94AL85000

Resource Type:: Accepted Manuscript

Journal Name:: Journal of Fluid Mechanics

Additional Journal Information:: Journal Volume: 777; Journal Issue: C; Journal ID: ISSN 0022-1120

Publisher:: Cambridge University Press

Country of Publication:: United States

Language:: English

Subject:: 37 INORGANIC, ORGANIC, PHYSICAL, AND ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY; combustion; reacting flows; turbulent reacting flows

Citation Formats


                    Karami, Shahram, Hawkes, Evatt R., Talei, Mohsen, and Chen, Jacqueline H. Mechanisms of flame stabilisation at low lifted height in a turbulent lifted slot-jet flame.  United States: N. p., 2015. 
Web.  doi:10.1017/jfm.2015.334.

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                    Karami, Shahram, Hawkes, Evatt R., Talei, Mohsen, & Chen, Jacqueline H. Mechanisms of flame stabilisation at low lifted height in a turbulent lifted slot-jet flame.  United States.  https://doi.org/10.1017/jfm.2015.334

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                    Karami, Shahram, Hawkes, Evatt R., Talei, Mohsen, and Chen, Jacqueline H. Thu .  
"Mechanisms of flame stabilisation at low lifted height in a turbulent lifted slot-jet flame".  United States.  https://doi.org/10.1017/jfm.2015.334.  https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1235328.

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@article{osti_1235328,

  title        = {Mechanisms of flame stabilisation at low lifted height in a turbulent lifted slot-jet flame},

  author       = {Karami, Shahram and Hawkes, Evatt R. and Talei, Mohsen and Chen, Jacqueline H.},

  abstractNote = {A turbulent lifted slot-jet flame is studied using direct numerical simulation (DNS). A one-step chemistry model is employed with a mixture-fraction-dependent activation energy which can reproduce qualitatively the dependence of the laminar burning rate on the equivalence ratio that is typical of hydrocarbon fuels. The basic structure of the flame base is first examined and discussed in the context of earlier experimental studies of lifted flames. Several features previously observed in experiments are noted and clarified. Some other unobserved features are also noted. Comparison with previous DNS modelling of hydrogen flames reveals significant structural differences. The statistics of flow and relative edge-flame propagation velocity components conditioned on the leading edge locations are then examined. The results show that, on average, the streamwise flame propagation and streamwise flow balance, thus demonstrating that edge-flame propagation is the basic stabilisation mechanism. Fluctuations of the edge locations and net edge velocities are, however, significant. It is demonstrated that the edges tend to move in an essentially two-dimensional (2D) elliptical pattern (laterally outwards towards the oxidiser, then upstream, then inwards towards the fuel, then downstream again). It is proposed that this is due to the passage of large eddies, as outlined in Suet al.(Combust. Flame, vol. 144 (3), 2006, pp. 494–512). However, the mechanism is not entirely 2D, and out-of-plane motion is needed to explain how flames escape the high-velocity inner region of the jet. Finally, the time-averaged structure is examined. A budget of terms in the transport equation for the product mass fraction is used to understand the stabilisation from a time-averaged perspective. The result of this analysis is found to be consistent with the instantaneous perspective. The budget reveals a fundamentally 2D structure, involving transport in both the streamwise and transverse directions, as opposed to possible mechanisms involving a dominance of either one direction of transport. Furthermore, it features upstream transport balanced by entrainment into richer conditions, while on the rich side, upstream turbulent transport and entrainment from leaner conditions balance the streamwise convection.},

  doi          = {10.1017/jfm.2015.334},

  journal      = {Journal of Fluid Mechanics},

  number       = C,

  volume       = 777,

  place        = {United States},

  year         = {Thu Jul 23 00:00:00 EDT 2015},

  month        = {Thu Jul 23 00:00:00 EDT 2015}

}

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An analysis of lower-dimensional approximations to the scalar dissipation rate using direct numerical simulations of plane jet flames
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DOI: 10.1016/j.proci.2008.06.122

A numerical study on the formation of diffusion flame islands in a turbulent hydrogen jet lifted flame
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Watson, K. A.; Lyons, K. M.; Donbar, J. M.
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The role of secondary instabilities in the stabilization of a nonpremixed lifted jet flame
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Demare, David; Baillot, Françoise
Physics of Fluids, Vol. 13, Issue 9
DOI: 10.1063/1.1386935

Statistical flow dynamic properties conditioned on the oscillating stabilization location of turbulent lifted flame
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Maurey, C.; Cessou, A.; Lecordier, B.
Proceedings of the Combustion Institute, Vol. 28, Issue 1
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Numerical investigation of edge flame propagation characteristics in turbulent mixing layers
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Chakraborty, Nilanjan; Mastorakos, E.
Physics of Fluids, Vol. 18, Issue 10
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Blowout of turbulent diffusion flames
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Broadwell, James E.; Dahm, Werner J. A.; Mungal, M. Godfrey
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Cinema particle imaging velocimetry time history of the propagation velocity of the base of a lifted turbulent jet flame
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Upatnieks, Ansis; Driscoll, James F.; Ceccio, Steven L.
Proceedings of the Combustion Institute, Vol. 29, Issue 2
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Structure and Propagation of Methanol–Air Triple Flames
journal, July 1998

Echekki, Tarek; Chen, Jacqueline H.
Combustion and Flame, Vol. 114, Issue 1-2
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On the importance of temporal context in interpretation of flame discontinuities
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Boxx, I.; Heeger, C.; Gordon, R.
Combustion and Flame, Vol. 156, Issue 1
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Direct Numerical Simulations of Localised Forced Ignition in Turbulent Mixing Layers: The Effects of Mixture Fraction and Its Gradient
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Flow, Turbulence and Combustion, Vol. 80, Issue 2
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Garrido-López, David; Sarkar, Sutanu
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Yuen, Frank T. C.; Gülder, Ömer L.
Proceedings of the Combustion Institute, Vol. 34, Issue 1
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Stanley, S. A.; Sarkar, S.; Mellado, J. P.
Journal of Fluid Mechanics, Vol. 450
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Parametric and statistical investigation of the behavior ofBaBlifted flame over a turbulent free-jet structure
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Cessou, A.
Combustion and Flame, Vol. 137, Issue 4
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Combustion effects on turbulence in a partially premixed supersonic diffusion flame
journal, December 1999

Luo, K. H.
Combustion and Flame, Vol. 119, Issue 4
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Numerical Investigation of Edge Flame Propagation Behavior in an Igniting Turbulent Planar Jet
journal, October 2010

Chakraborty, N.; Hesse, H.; Mastorakos, E.
Combustion Science and Technology, Vol. 182, Issue 11-12
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Numerical simulation of compressible homogeneous flows in the turbulent regime
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Passot, T.; Pouquet, A.
Journal of Fluid Mechanics, Vol. 181, Issue -1
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Direct numerical simulation of ignition front propagation in a constant volume with temperature inhomogeneities
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Chen, Jacqueline H.; Hawkes, Evatt R.; Sankaran, Ramanan
Combustion and Flame, Vol. 145, Issue 1-2
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Turbulent burning velocities: a general correlation in terms of straining rates
journal, December 1987

Abdel-Gayed, R. G.; Bradley, Derek; Lawes, M.
Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. A. Mathematical and Physical Sciences, Vol. 414, Issue 1847, p. 389-413
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DOI: 10.1016/j.combustflame.2004.04.011

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journal, September 1988

Gibson, Carl H.; Ashurst, William T.; Kerstein, Alan R.
Journal of Fluid Mechanics, Vol. 194, Issue -1
DOI: 10.1017/S0022112088002988

Edge-Flames and Their Stability
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Buckmaster, J.
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DOI: 10.1080/00102209608935522

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DOI: 10.1016/S1540-7489(02)80231-0

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Chung, S. H.
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DOI: 10.1016/j.proci.2006.08.117

Works referencing / citing this record:

Flame Annihilation Displacement Speed and Stretch Rate in Turbulent Premixed Flames
journal, November 2019

Haghiri, Ali; Talei, Mohsen; Brear, Michael J.
Flow, Turbulence and Combustion, Vol. 104, Issue 4
DOI: 10.1007/s10494-019-00078-0

Sound generation by turbulent premixed flames
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Haghiri, Ali; Talei, Mohsen; Brear, Michael J.
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Edge flame propagation statistics in igniting monodisperse droplet-laden mixtures
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Papapostolou, V. S.; Turquand d’Auzay, C.; Ozel Erol, G.
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Analysis of Coherent Structures in an Under-Expanded Supersonic Impinging Jet Using Spectral Proper Orthogonal Decomposition (SPOD)
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Karami, Shahram; Soria, Julio
Aerospace, Vol. 5, Issue 3
DOI: 10.3390/aerospace5030073

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Title: Mechanisms of flame stabilisation at low lifted height in a turbulent lifted slot-jet flame

Abstract

Citation Formats

Three-dimensional direct numerical simulation of a turbulent lifted hydrogen jet flame in heated coflow: flame stabilization and structure journal, December 2009

A numerical study on flame stability at the transition point of jet diffusion flames journal, January 1996

Theoretical and numerical study of a symmetrical triple flame using the parabolic flame path approximation journal, July 2000

Attachment mechanisms of diffusion flames journal, January 1998

Unsteady strain rate and curvature effects in turbulent premixed methane-air flames journal, July 1996

The stability of open flames journal, January 1948

Scalar and velocity field measurements in a lifted CH4–air diffusion flame journal, April 1999

Edge-Flames in Homogeneous Mixtures journal, July 1998

The computation of stretched laminar methane-air diffusion flames using a reduced four-step mechanism journal, April 1987

Liftoff characteristics of turbulent jet diffusion flames journal, March 1983

Laser Imaging in the Stabilisation Region of Turbulent Lifted Flames journal, June 1998

The evolution of surfaces in turbulence journal, January 1988

Modelling of turbulent scalar flux in turbulent premixed flames based on DNS databases journal, February 2006

Mechanism of Flame Stabilization in Turbulent, Lifted-Jet Flames journal, March 1998

Several new numerical methods for compressible shear-layer simulations journal, June 1994

Stability characteristics of lifted turbulent partially premixed jet flames journal, May 2003

Partially premixed flamelets in LES of nonpremixed turbulent combustion journal, December 2002

Scalar mixing in direct numerical simulations of temporally evolving plane jet flames with skeletal CO/H2 kinetics journal, January 2007

Effects of flow strain on triple flame propagation journal, July 2001

Partially premixed turbulent flame propagation in jet flames journal, January 1994

A numerical analysis of the structure of a turbulent hydrogen jet lifted flame journal, January 2002

Stabilization mechanism of lifted jet diffusion flames journal, January 1994

A petascale direct numerical simulation study of the modelling of flame wrinkling for large-eddy simulations in intense turbulence journal, August 2012

A detailed investigation of the stabilization point of lifted turbulent diffusion flames journal, January 1998

Upstream Islands of Flame in Lifted-Jet Partially Premixed Combustion journal, April 2007

Statistics of relative and absolute velocities of turbulent non-premixed edge flames following spark ignition journal, January 2009

Capabilities and limitations of multi-regime flamelet combustion models journal, January 2012

Large Eddy Simulation of combustion instabilities in a lean partially premixed swirled flame journal, February 2012

Lifting criteria of jet diffusion flames journal, January 1991

Direct numerical simulation of hydrogen-enriched lean premixed methane–air flames journal, August 2004

Scalar dissipation measurements in the developing region of a jet journal, November 1988

Experimental analysis of local flame extinction in a turbulent jet diffusion flame by high repetition 2-D laser techniques and multi-scalar measurements journal, January 2005

Turbulent Flows book, July 2012

Lifted Diffusion Flame Stabilisation: Conditional Analysis of Multi-Parameter High-Repetition Rate Diagnostics at the Flame Base journal, September 2011

Direct numerical simulation of transitional and turbulent buoyant planar jet flames journal, December 2004

Comparison of direct numerical simulation of lean premixed methane–air flames with strained laminar flame calculations journal, January 2006

On the determination of the laminar burning velocity from closed vessel gas explosions journal, November 2003

Large eddy simulation of extinction and reignition with artificial neural networks based chemical kinetics journal, March 2010

Edge-flame-holding journal, January 1996

A numerical study of auto-ignition in turbulent lifted flames issuing into a vitiated co-flow journal, April 2007

Experimental investigation of stabilization mechanisms in turbulent, lifted jet diffusion flames journal, February 2006

Lifted turbulent jet flames: A stability criterion based on the jet large-scale structure journal, January 1989

The asymptotic structure of stoichiometric methaneair flames journal, May 1987

Gradient and counter-gradient scalar transport in turbulent premixed flames journal, February 1997

Unsteady effects of strain rate and curvature on turbulent premixed flames in an inflow–outflow configuration journal, April 2004

The premixture model of turbulent burning to describe lifted jet flames journal, October 1999

Liftoff of a Co-Flowing Non-Premixed Turbulent Methane Flame: Effect of the Fuel Nozzle Orifice Geometry journal, April 2014

Direct simulation of non-premixed flame extinction in a methane–air jet with reduced chemistry journal, January 1999

Asymptotic structure and extinction of methaneair diffusion flames journal, July 1988

Chemical explosive mode analysis for a turbulent lifted ethylene jet flame in highly-heated coflow journal, January 2012

A direct numerical simulation study of turbulence and flame structure in transverse jets analysed in jet-trajectory based coordinates journal, July 2012

Flame Sheet Imaging Using CH Chemiluminescence journal, July 1997

Lift-off Heights and Visible Lengths of Vertical Turbulent Jet Diffusion Flames in Still Air journal, September 1984

Mechanisms of flame stabilization and blowout in a reacting turbulent hydrogen jet in cross-flow journal, August 2012

Simultaneous three-component PIV/OH-PLIF measurements of a turbulent lifted, C3H8-Argon jet diffusion flame at 1.5kHz repetition rate journal, January 2009

Polybrachial structures in dimethyl ether edge-flames at negative temperature coefficient conditions journal, January 2015

Coherent fine-scale eddies in turbulent premixed flames journal, January 2000

The flow field structure at the base of lifted turbulent partially premixed jet flames journal, September 2004

The planar turbulent jet journal, February 1976

Effects of heat release on triple flames journal, June 1995

Structure and propagation of triple flames in partially premixed hydrogen–air mixtures journal, December 1999

DNS analysis of partially premixed combustion in spray and gaseous turbulent flame-bases stabilized in hot air journal, February 2005

Visualizing Multivariate Volume Data from Turbulent Combustion Simulations journal, March 2007

Importance of isothermal mixing processes to the understanding of lift-off and blowout of turbulent jet diffusion flames journal, May 1989

The effects of the Lewis number of the fuel on the displacement speed of edge flames in igniting turbulent mixing layers journal, January 2009

On the fractal characteristics of low Damköhler number flames journal, November 2013

Lifted flames on fuel jets in co-flowing air journal, February 2009

The stabilization mechanism of lifted diffusion flames journal, March 1966

Flame stabilization and auto-ignition of pulsed methane jets in a hot coflow: Influence of temperature journal, January 2013

Edge-flames journal, January 2002

Mixture fraction imaging in a lifted methane jet flame journal, November 1996

Instantaneous flame-stabilization velocities in lifted-jet diffusion flames journal, October 1997

Characteristics of the velocity field near the instantaneous base of lifted non-premixed turbulent jet flames journal, January 1998

An evaluation of the one-dimensional turbulence model: Comparison with direct numerical simulations of CO/H2 jets with extinction and reignition journal, January 2011

The stabilization mechanism and structure of turbulent hydrocarbon lifted flames journal, January 2005

Stabilization of lifted turbulent-jet flames journal, October 1994

Terascale direct numerical simulations of turbulent combustion using S3D journal, January 2009

Three-dimensional direct numerical simulation of a turbulent lifted hydrogen jet flame in heated coflow: flame stabilization and structure
journal, December 2009

A numerical study on flame stability at the transition point of jet diffusion flames
journal, January 1996

Theoretical and numerical study of a symmetrical triple flame using the parabolic flame path approximation
journal, July 2000

Attachment mechanisms of diffusion flames
journal, January 1998

Unsteady strain rate and curvature effects in turbulent premixed methane-air flames
journal, July 1996

The stability of open flames
journal, January 1948

Scalar and velocity field measurements in a lifted CH4–air diffusion flame
journal, April 1999

Edge-Flames in Homogeneous Mixtures
journal, July 1998

The computation of stretched laminar methane-air diffusion flames using a reduced four-step mechanism
journal, April 1987

Liftoff characteristics of turbulent jet diffusion flames
journal, March 1983

Laser Imaging in the Stabilisation Region of Turbulent Lifted Flames
journal, June 1998

The evolution of surfaces in turbulence
journal, January 1988

Modelling of turbulent scalar flux in turbulent premixed flames based on DNS databases
journal, February 2006

Mechanism of Flame Stabilization in Turbulent, Lifted-Jet Flames
journal, March 1998

Several new numerical methods for compressible shear-layer simulations
journal, June 1994

Stability characteristics of lifted turbulent partially premixed jet flames
journal, May 2003

Partially premixed flamelets in LES of nonpremixed turbulent combustion
journal, December 2002

Scalar mixing in direct numerical simulations of temporally evolving plane jet flames with skeletal CO/H2 kinetics
journal, January 2007

Effects of flow strain on triple flame propagation
journal, July 2001

Partially premixed turbulent flame propagation in jet flames
journal, January 1994

A numerical analysis of the structure of a turbulent hydrogen jet lifted flame
journal, January 2002

Stabilization mechanism of lifted jet diffusion flames
journal, January 1994

A petascale direct numerical simulation study of the modelling of flame wrinkling for large-eddy simulations in intense turbulence
journal, August 2012

A detailed investigation of the stabilization point of lifted turbulent diffusion flames
journal, January 1998

Upstream Islands of Flame in Lifted-Jet Partially Premixed Combustion
journal, April 2007

Statistics of relative and absolute velocities of turbulent non-premixed edge flames following spark ignition
journal, January 2009

Capabilities and limitations of multi-regime flamelet combustion models
journal, January 2012

Large Eddy Simulation of combustion instabilities in a lean partially premixed swirled flame
journal, February 2012

Lifting criteria of jet diffusion flames
journal, January 1991

Direct numerical simulation of hydrogen-enriched lean premixed methane–air flames
journal, August 2004

Scalar dissipation measurements in the developing region of a jet
journal, November 1988

Experimental analysis of local flame extinction in a turbulent jet diffusion flame by high repetition 2-D laser techniques and multi-scalar measurements
journal, January 2005

Turbulent Flows
book, July 2012

Lifted Diffusion Flame Stabilisation: Conditional Analysis of Multi-Parameter High-Repetition Rate Diagnostics at the Flame Base
journal, September 2011

Direct numerical simulation of transitional and turbulent buoyant planar jet flames
journal, December 2004

Comparison of direct numerical simulation of lean premixed methane–air flames with strained laminar flame calculations
journal, January 2006

On the determination of the laminar burning velocity from closed vessel gas explosions
journal, November 2003

Large eddy simulation of extinction and reignition with artificial neural networks based chemical kinetics
journal, March 2010

Edge-flame-holding
journal, January 1996

A numerical study of auto-ignition in turbulent lifted flames issuing into a vitiated co-flow
journal, April 2007

Experimental investigation of stabilization mechanisms in turbulent, lifted jet diffusion flames
journal, February 2006

Lifted turbulent jet flames: A stability criterion based on the jet large-scale structure
journal, January 1989

The asymptotic structure of stoichiometric methaneair flames
journal, May 1987

Gradient and counter-gradient scalar transport in turbulent premixed flames
journal, February 1997

Unsteady effects of strain rate and curvature on turbulent premixed flames in an inflow–outflow configuration
journal, April 2004

The premixture model of turbulent burning to describe lifted jet flames
journal, October 1999

Liftoff of a Co-Flowing Non-Premixed Turbulent Methane Flame: Effect of the Fuel Nozzle Orifice Geometry
journal, April 2014

Direct simulation of non-premixed flame extinction in a methane–air jet with reduced chemistry
journal, January 1999

Asymptotic structure and extinction of methaneair diffusion flames
journal, July 1988

Chemical explosive mode analysis for a turbulent lifted ethylene jet flame in highly-heated coflow
journal, January 2012

A direct numerical simulation study of turbulence and flame structure in transverse jets analysed in jet-trajectory based coordinates
journal, July 2012

Flame Sheet Imaging Using CH Chemiluminescence
journal, July 1997

Lift-off Heights and Visible Lengths of Vertical Turbulent Jet Diffusion Flames in Still Air
journal, September 1984

Mechanisms of flame stabilization and blowout in a reacting turbulent hydrogen jet in cross-flow
journal, August 2012

Simultaneous three-component PIV/OH-PLIF measurements of a turbulent lifted, C3H8-Argon jet diffusion flame at 1.5kHz repetition rate
journal, January 2009

Polybrachial structures in dimethyl ether edge-flames at negative temperature coefficient conditions
journal, January 2015

Coherent fine-scale eddies in turbulent premixed flames
journal, January 2000

The flow field structure at the base of lifted turbulent partially premixed jet flames
journal, September 2004

The planar turbulent jet
journal, February 1976

Effects of heat release on triple flames
journal, June 1995

Structure and propagation of triple flames in partially premixed hydrogen–air mixtures
journal, December 1999

DNS analysis of partially premixed combustion in spray and gaseous turbulent flame-bases stabilized in hot air
journal, February 2005

Visualizing Multivariate Volume Data from Turbulent Combustion Simulations
journal, March 2007

Importance of isothermal mixing processes to the understanding of lift-off and blowout of turbulent jet diffusion flames
journal, May 1989

The effects of the Lewis number of the fuel on the displacement speed of edge flames in igniting turbulent mixing layers
journal, January 2009

On the fractal characteristics of low Damköhler number flames
journal, November 2013

Lifted flames on fuel jets in co-flowing air
journal, February 2009

The stabilization mechanism of lifted diffusion flames
journal, March 1966

Flame stabilization and auto-ignition of pulsed methane jets in a hot coflow: Influence of temperature
journal, January 2013

Edge-flames
journal, January 2002

Mixture fraction imaging in a lifted methane jet flame
journal, November 1996

Instantaneous flame-stabilization velocities in lifted-jet diffusion flames
journal, October 1997

Characteristics of the velocity field near the instantaneous base of lifted non-premixed turbulent jet flames
journal, January 1998

An evaluation of the one-dimensional turbulence model: Comparison with direct numerical simulations of CO/H2 jets with extinction and reignition
journal, January 2011

The stabilization mechanism and structure of turbulent hydrocarbon lifted flames
journal, January 2005

Stabilization of lifted turbulent-jet flames
journal, October 1994

Terascale direct numerical simulations of turbulent combustion using S3D
journal, January 2009

Simultaneous Rayleigh imaging and CH-PLIF measurements in a lifted jet diffusion flame
journal, October 2000

Temporal evolution of turbulence/chemistry interactions in lifted, turbulent-jet flames
journal, January 1994

Three-Dimensional Structure of Lifted, Turbulent-Jet Flames
journal, May 1997