The structure of the nucleon: Elastic electromagnetic form factors

Punjabi, V.; Perdrisat, C. F.; Jones, M. K.; Brash, E. J.; Carlson, C. E.

doi:10.1140/epja/i2015-15079-x

Title: The structure of the nucleon: Elastic electromagnetic form factors

Abstract

Precise proton and neutron form factor measurements at Jefferson Lab, using spin observables, have recently made a significant contribution to the unraveling of the internal structure of the nucleon. Accurate experimental measurements of the nucleon form factors are a test-bed for understanding how the nucleon's static properties and dynamical behavior emerge from QCD, the theory of the strong interactions between quarks. There has been enormous theoretical progress, since the publication of the Jefferson Lab proton form factor ratio data, aiming at reevaluating the picture of the nucleon. We will review the experimental and theoretical developments in this field and discuss the outlook for the future.

Authors:

Punjabi, V. ^[1]; Perdrisat, C. F. ^[2]; Jones, M. K. ^[3]; Brash, E. J. ^[4]; Carlson, C. E. ^[2]

Norfolk State Univ., VA (United States)
College of William and Mary, Williamsburg, VA (United States)
Thomas Jefferson National Accelerator Facility (TJNAF), Newport News, VA (United States)
Thomas Jefferson National Accelerator Facility (TJNAF), Newport News, VA (United States); Christopher Newport Univ., Newport News, VA (United States)

Publication Date:: Fri Jul 10 00:00:00 EDT 2015

Research Org.:: Thomas Jefferson National Accelerator Facility (TJNAF), Newport News, VA (United States)

Sponsoring Org.:: USDOE Office of Science (SC), Nuclear Physics (NP)

OSTI Identifier:: 1211535

Report Number(s):: JLAB-PHY-15-2019; DOE/OR/23177-3317; arXiv:1503.01452
Journal ID: ISSN 1434-6001; PII: 261; FG02-89ER40525; NSF Grant PHY-1208056; NSF Grant PHY-1205905; NSF Grant PHY-1066374

Grant/Contract Number:: AC05-06OR23177

Resource Type:: Accepted Manuscript

Journal Name:: European Physical Journal. A

Additional Journal Information:: Journal Volume: 51; Journal Issue: 7; Journal ID: ISSN 1434-6001

Publisher:: Springer

Country of Publication:: United States

Language:: English

Subject:: 72 PHYSICS OF ELEMENTARY PARTICLES AND FIELDS

Citation Formats


                    Punjabi, V., Perdrisat, C. F., Jones, M. K., Brash, E. J., and Carlson, C. E. The structure of the nucleon: Elastic electromagnetic form factors.  United States: N. p., 2015. 
Web.  doi:10.1140/epja/i2015-15079-x.

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                    Punjabi, V., Perdrisat, C. F., Jones, M. K., Brash, E. J., & Carlson, C. E. The structure of the nucleon: Elastic electromagnetic form factors.  United States.  https://doi.org/10.1140/epja/i2015-15079-x

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                    Punjabi, V., Perdrisat, C. F., Jones, M. K., Brash, E. J., and Carlson, C. E. Fri .  
"The structure of the nucleon: Elastic electromagnetic form factors".  United States.  https://doi.org/10.1140/epja/i2015-15079-x.  https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1211535.

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@article{osti_1211535,

  title        = {The structure of the nucleon: Elastic electromagnetic form factors},

  author       = {Punjabi, V. and Perdrisat, C. F. and Jones, M. K. and Brash, E. J. and Carlson, C. E.},

  abstractNote = {Precise proton and neutron form factor measurements at Jefferson Lab, using spin observables, have recently made a significant contribution to the unraveling of the internal structure of the nucleon. Accurate experimental measurements of the nucleon form factors are a test-bed for understanding how the nucleon's static properties and dynamical behavior emerge from QCD, the theory of the strong interactions between quarks. There has been enormous theoretical progress, since the publication of the Jefferson Lab proton form factor ratio data, aiming at reevaluating the picture of the nucleon. We will review the experimental and theoretical developments in this field and discuss the outlook for the future.},

  doi          = {10.1140/epja/i2015-15079-x},

  journal      = {European Physical Journal. A},

  number       = 7,

  volume       = 51,

  place        = {United States},

  year         = {Fri Jul 10 00:00:00 EDT 2015},

  month        = {Fri Jul 10 00:00:00 EDT 2015}

}

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Title: The structure of the nucleon: Elastic electromagnetic form factors

Abstract

Citation Formats

High Energy Elastic Scattering of Electrons on Protons journal, August 1950

Electron Scattering from the Proton journal, April 1955

Structure of the Proton journal, September 1956

Electron Scattering and Nuclear Structure journal, July 1956

CODATA recommended values of the fundamental physical constants: 2010 journal, November 2012

Muonic Hydrogen and the Proton Radius Puzzle journal, October 2013

G E p / G M p Ratio by Polarization Transfer in e → p → e p → journal, February 2000

Proton elastic form factor ratios to Q 2 = 3.5 GeV 2 by polarization transfer journal, May 2005

Measurement of G E p / G M p in e → p → e p → to Q 2 = 5.6 GeV 2 journal, February 2002

Final analysis of proton form factor ratio data at Q 2 = 4.0 , 4.8, and 5.6 GeV 2 journal, April 2012

Electric and Magnetic Form Factors of the Nucleon journal, April 1963

Proton Form Factors from Elastic Electron-Proton Scattering journal, February 1966

Backward-Angle Electron-Proton Elastic Scattering and Proton Electromagnetic Form Factors journal, July 1971

Measurement of the ratio of the proton form factors, GE/GM, at high momentum transfers and the question of scaling journal, January 1970

Electromagnetic form factors of the proton at squared four-momentum transfers between 10 and 50 fm−2 journal, April 1971

Measurement of proton and neutron electromagnetic form factors at squared four-momentum transfers up to 3 (GeV/c)2 journal, July 1973

Electromagnetic form factors of the peoton at low four-momentum transfer (II) journal, July 1975

Absolute electron-proton cross sections at low momentum transfer measured with a high pressure gas target system journal, January 1980

Measurements of the proton elastic form factors for 1 ≤ Q 2 ≤ 3 ( G e V / c ) 2 at SLAC journal, June 1994

Measurements of the electric and magnetic form factors of the proton from Q 2 =1.75 to 8.83 (GeV/ c ) 2 journal, November 1994

Measurements of electron-proton elastic cross sections for 0.4 < Q 2 < 5.5 ( GeV ∕ c ) 2 journal, July 2004

Precision Rosenbluth Measurement of the Proton Elastic Form Factors journal, April 2005

High-Energy Electron Scattering and Nuclear Structure Determinations journal, November 1953

Electromagnetic Structure of Nucleons journal, January 1957

Scattering of Polarized Electrons by Polarized Nucleons journal, March 1959

Scattering of Polarized Leptons at High Energy journal, January 1969

Polarization transfer in elastic electron scattering from nucleons and deuterons journal, January 1981

Measurement of the Electric Form Factor of the Neutron through d → ( e → , e ′ n ) p at Q 2 = 0.5 ( GeV / c ) 2 journal, August 2001

Measurement of the Electric Form Factor of the Neutron at Q 2 = 0.5 and 1.0 G e V 2 / c 2 journal, January 2004

Measurements of the Electric Form Factor of the Neutron up to Q 2 = 3.4 GeV 2 Using the Reaction 3 He → ( e → , e ′ n ) p p journal, December 2010

Polarization of Recoil Protons from Electron-Proton Scattering at 950 MeV journal, December 1965

Measurement of the Polarization in Elastic Electron-Proton Scattering journal, March 1970

Electric form factor of the neutron from the H 2 ( e →, e ’ n → ) 1 H reaction at Q 2 =0.255 (GeV/ c ) 2 journal, October 1994

Comparison of Polarization Observables in Electron Scattering from the Proton and Deuteron journal, January 1998

Erratum: Comparison of Polarization Observables in Electron Scattering from the Proton and Deuteron [Phys. Rev. Lett. 80, 452 (1998)] journal, March 1999

Measurement of recoil proton polarizations in the electrodisintegration of deuterium by polarized electrons journal, December 1999

Charge Form Factor of the Neutron from the Reaction 2 H → ( e → , e ′ n ) p journal, June 1999

Determination of the neutron electric form factor in the D(e,e′n)p reaction and the influence of nuclear binding journal, June 1999

Measurement of time-like nucleon Form Factors at Frascati journal, December 2007

Parity-Violating Electron Scattering and the Electric and Magnetic Strange Form Factors of the Nucleon journal, November 2012

Spectral functions in the static theory journal, March 1959

Electromagnetic Form Factors of the Nucleon journal, August 1960

Considerations of polarization in inclusive electron scattering from nuclei journal, July 1986

Polarization in coincidence electron scattering from nuclei journal, April 1989

How to Reconcile the Rosenbluth and the Polarization Transfer Methods in the Measurement of the Proton Form Factors journal, October 2003

Two-photon exchange contribution to elastic electron-nucleonscattering at large momentum transfer journal, July 2005

Two-photon exchange corrections to elastic electron-proton scattering at large momentum transfer within the SCET approach journal, April 2013

Elastic Electron-Proton Scattering at Large Four-Momentum Transfer journal, July 1973

Measurements of elastic electron-proton scattering at large momentum transfer journal, July 1993

Simple parametrization of nucleon form factors journal, December 2004

New empirical fits to the proton electromagnetic form factors journal, April 2002

How well do we know the electromagnetic form factors of the proton? journal, September 2003

Analysis of electromagnetic nucleon form factors journal, November 1976

High-Precision Determination of the Electric and Magnetic Form Factors of the Proton journal, December 2010

Electric and magnetic form factors of the proton journal, July 2014

Reconsideration of the Electron-Neutron Scattering Length As Measured by the Scattering of Thermal Neutrons by Noble Gases journal, September 1973

Neutron-electron scattering length and electric polarizability of the neutron derived from cross sections of bismuth and of lead and its isotopes journal, June 1995

Neutron charge radius determined from the energy dependence of the neutron transmission of liquid 208 Pb and 209 Bi journal, October 1997

Review of Particle Physics journal, August 2014

Large-Angle Quasielastic Electron-Deuteron Scattering journal, August 1973

Neutron Form Factors from Inelastic Electron-Deuteron Scattering journal, July 1965

Neutron Form Factors from Quasi-Elastic Electron-Deuteron Scattering journal, September 1968

Quasi-Elastic Electron-Deuteron Scattering and Neutron Form Factors journal, January 1966

Measurement of Elastic Electron-Neutron Cross Sections up to Q 2 = 10 ( G e V / c ) 2 journal, October 1982

Measurements of the electric and magnetic form factors of the neutron from Q 2 =1.75 to 4.00 (GeV/ c ) 2 journal, February 1993

Measurement of the magnetic form factor of the neutron journal, July 1993

Measurement of the Neutron Magnetic Form Factor journal, July 1995

Precision measurement of the neutron magnetic form factor journal, September 1994

Precise measurements of the neutron magnetic form factor journal, June 1998

Precise neutron magnetic form factors journal, January 2002

Precise Measurement of the Neutron Magnetic Form Factor G M n in the Few- GeV 2 Region journal, May 2009

Measurements of Transverse Quasielastic Electron Scattering from the Deuteron at High Momentum Transfers journal, August 1988

Measurements of Neutron Form Factors journal, March 1966

Comment on ``Measurement of the Neutron Magnetic Form Factor'' journal, December 1997

Bruins et al. Reply: journal, December 1997

Deuteron electromagnetic form factors journal, May 1963

Electrodisintegration of the Deuteron Around q 2 = 3.5 F − 2 journal, January 1966

High Energy Elastic Scattering of Electrons on Protons
journal, August 1950

Electron Scattering from the Proton
journal, April 1955

Structure of the Proton
journal, September 1956

Electron Scattering and Nuclear Structure
journal, July 1956

CODATA recommended values of the fundamental physical constants: 2010
journal, November 2012

Muonic Hydrogen and the Proton Radius Puzzle
journal, October 2013

$G_{E_{p}} / G_{M_{p}}$ Ratio by Polarization Transfer in $\vec{e} p \to e \vec{p}$
journal, February 2000

Proton elastic form factor ratios to $Q^{2} = 3.5 GeV^{2}$ by polarization transfer
journal, May 2005

Measurement of $G_{E_{p}} / G_{M_{p}}$ in $\vec{e} p \to e \vec{p}$ to $Q^{2} = 5.6 {GeV}^{2}$
journal, February 2002

Final analysis of proton form factor ratio data at $Q^{2} = 4.0$ , 4.8, and 5.6 GeV $^{2}$
journal, April 2012

Electric and Magnetic Form Factors of the Nucleon
journal, April 1963

Proton Form Factors from Elastic Electron-Proton Scattering
journal, February 1966

Backward-Angle Electron-Proton Elastic Scattering and Proton Electromagnetic Form Factors
journal, July 1971

Measurement of the ratio of the proton form factors, GE/GM, at high momentum transfers and the question of scaling
journal, January 1970

Electromagnetic form factors of the proton at squared four-momentum transfers between 10 and 50 fm−2
journal, April 1971

Measurement of proton and neutron electromagnetic form factors at squared four-momentum transfers up to 3 (GeV/c)2
journal, July 1973

Electromagnetic form factors of the peoton at low four-momentum transfer (II)
journal, July 1975

Absolute electron-proton cross sections at low momentum transfer measured with a high pressure gas target system
journal, January 1980

Measurements of the proton elastic form factors for $1 \leq Q^{2} \leq 3$ ${(G e V / c)}^{2}$ at SLAC
journal, June 1994

Measurements of the electric and magnetic form factors of the proton from $Q^{2}$ =1.75 to 8.83 (GeV/ c $)^{2}$
journal, November 1994

Measurements of electron-proton elastic cross sections for $0.4 < Q^{2} < 5.5 {(GeV ∕ c)}^{2}$
journal, July 2004

Precision Rosenbluth Measurement of the Proton Elastic Form Factors
journal, April 2005

High-Energy Electron Scattering and Nuclear Structure Determinations
journal, November 1953

Electromagnetic Structure of Nucleons
journal, January 1957

Scattering of Polarized Electrons by Polarized Nucleons
journal, March 1959

Scattering of Polarized Leptons at High Energy
journal, January 1969

Polarization transfer in elastic electron scattering from nucleons and deuterons
journal, January 1981

Measurement of the Electric Form Factor of the Neutron through $\vec{d} (\vec{e}, e^{'} n) p$ at $Q^{2} = 0.5 (GeV / c)^{2}$
journal, August 2001

Measurement of the Electric Form Factor of the Neutron at $Q^{2} = 0.5$ and $1.0 {G e V}^{2} / c^{2}$
journal, January 2004

Measurements of the Electric Form Factor of the Neutron up to $Q^{2} = 3.4 {GeV}^{2}$ Using the Reaction $^{3} \vec{He} (\vec{e}, e^{'} n) p p$
journal, December 2010

Polarization of Recoil Protons from Electron-Proton Scattering at 950 MeV
journal, December 1965

Measurement of the Polarization in Elastic Electron-Proton Scattering
journal, March 1970

Electric form factor of the neutron from the ${}^{2}H$ ( e →, $e^{’}$ n → $)^{1}$ H reaction at $Q^{2}$ =0.255 (GeV/ c $)^{2}$
journal, October 1994

Comparison of Polarization Observables in Electron Scattering from the Proton and Deuteron
journal, January 1998

Erratum: Comparison of Polarization Observables in Electron Scattering from the Proton and Deuteron [Phys. Rev. Lett. 80, 452 (1998)]
journal, March 1999

Measurement of recoil proton polarizations in the electrodisintegration of deuterium by polarized electrons
journal, December 1999

Charge Form Factor of the Neutron from the Reaction $^{2} \vec{H} (\vec{e}, e^{'} n) p$
journal, June 1999

Determination of the neutron electric form factor in the D(e,e′n)p reaction and the influence of nuclear binding
journal, June 1999

Measurement of time-like nucleon Form Factors at Frascati
journal, December 2007

Parity-Violating Electron Scattering and the Electric and Magnetic Strange Form Factors of the Nucleon
journal, November 2012

Spectral functions in the static theory
journal, March 1959

Electromagnetic Form Factors of the Nucleon
journal, August 1960

Considerations of polarization in inclusive electron scattering from nuclei
journal, July 1986

Polarization in coincidence electron scattering from nuclei
journal, April 1989

How to Reconcile the Rosenbluth and the Polarization Transfer Methods in the Measurement of the Proton Form Factors
journal, October 2003

Two-photon exchange contribution to elastic electron-nucleonscattering at large momentum transfer
journal, July 2005

Two-photon exchange corrections to elastic electron-proton scattering at large momentum transfer within the SCET approach
journal, April 2013

Elastic Electron-Proton Scattering at Large Four-Momentum Transfer
journal, July 1973

Measurements of elastic electron-proton scattering at large momentum transfer
journal, July 1993

Simple parametrization of nucleon form factors
journal, December 2004

New empirical fits to the proton electromagnetic form factors
journal, April 2002

How well do we know the electromagnetic form factors of the proton?
journal, September 2003

Analysis of electromagnetic nucleon form factors
journal, November 1976

High-Precision Determination of the Electric and Magnetic Form Factors of the Proton
journal, December 2010

Electric and magnetic form factors of the proton
journal, July 2014

Reconsideration of the Electron-Neutron Scattering Length As Measured by the Scattering of Thermal Neutrons by Noble Gases
journal, September 1973

Neutron-electron scattering length and electric polarizability of the neutron derived from cross sections of bismuth and of lead and its isotopes
journal, June 1995

Neutron charge radius determined from the energy dependence of the neutron transmission of liquid $^{208} Pb$ and $^{209} Bi$
journal, October 1997

Review of Particle Physics
journal, August 2014

Large-Angle Quasielastic Electron-Deuteron Scattering
journal, August 1973

Neutron Form Factors from Inelastic Electron-Deuteron Scattering
journal, July 1965

Neutron Form Factors from Quasi-Elastic Electron-Deuteron Scattering
journal, September 1968

Quasi-Elastic Electron-Deuteron Scattering and Neutron Form Factors
journal, January 1966

Measurement of Elastic Electron-Neutron Cross Sections up to $Q^{2} = 10$ ${(G e V / c)}^{2}$
journal, October 1982

Measurements of the electric and magnetic form factors of the neutron from $Q^{2}$ =1.75 to 4.00 (GeV/ c $)^{2}$
journal, February 1993

Measurement of the magnetic form factor of the neutron
journal, July 1993

Measurement of the Neutron Magnetic Form Factor
journal, July 1995

Precision measurement of the neutron magnetic form factor
journal, September 1994

Precise measurements of the neutron magnetic form factor
journal, June 1998

Precise neutron magnetic form factors
journal, January 2002

Precise Measurement of the Neutron Magnetic Form Factor $G_{M}^{n}$ in the Few- ${GeV}^{2}$ Region
journal, May 2009

Measurements of Transverse Quasielastic Electron Scattering from the Deuteron at High Momentum Transfers
journal, August 1988

Measurements of Neutron Form Factors
journal, March 1966

Comment on ``Measurement of the Neutron Magnetic Form Factor''
journal, December 1997

Bruins et al. Reply:
journal, December 1997

Deuteron electromagnetic form factors
journal, May 1963

Electrodisintegration of the Deuteron Around $q^{2} = 3.5$ $F^{- 2}$
journal, January 1966

Elastic electron-deuteron scattering and the electric neutron form factor at four-momentum transfers 5 fm−2 < q2 < 14 fm−2
journal, January 1971

A Nucleon-Nucleon Interaction Consistent with Theory and Experiment
journal, July 1967

The deuteron A(Q2) structure function and the neutron electric form factor
journal, April 1990