Highly Efficient Room‐Temperature Spin‐Orbit‐Torque Switching in a Van der Waals Heterostructure of Topological Insulator and Ferromagnet

Choi, Gyu Seung; Park, Sungyu; An, Eun‐Su; Bae, Juhong; Shin, Inseob; Kang, Beom Tak; Won, Choong Jae; Cheong, Sang‐Wook; Lee, Hyun‐Woo; Lee, Gil‐Ho; Cho, Won Joon; Kim, Jun Sung

doi:10.1002/advs.202400893

Title: Highly Efficient Room‐Temperature Spin‐Orbit‐Torque Switching in a Van der Waals Heterostructure of Topological Insulator and Ferromagnet

Abstract

Abstract All‐Van der Waals (vdW)‐material‐based heterostructures with atomically sharp interfaces offer a versatile platform for high‐performing spintronic functionalities at room temperature. One of the key components is vdW topological insulators (TIs), which can produce a strong spin‐orbit‐torque (SOT) through the spin‐momentum locking of their topological surface state (TSS). However, the relatively low conductance of the TSS introduces a current leakage problem through the bulk states of the TI or the adjacent ferromagnetic metal layers, reducing the interfacial charge‐to‐spin conversion efficiency ( q _ICS ). Here, a vdW heterostructure is used consisting of atomically‐thin layers of a bulk‐insulating TI Sn‐doped Bi _1.1 Sb _0.9 Te ₂ S ₁ and a room‐temperature ferromagnet Fe ₃ GaTe _2, to enhance the relative current ratio on the TSS up to ≈20%. The resulting q _ICS reaches ≈1.65 nm ⁻¹ and the critical current density J _c ≈0.9 × 10 ⁶ Acm ⁻² at 300 K, surpassing the performance of TI‐based and heavy‐metal‐based SOT devices. These findings demonstrate that an all‐vdW heterostructure with thickness optimization offers a promising platform for efficient current‐controlled magnetization switching at room temperature.

Authors:

Choi, Gyu Seung ^[1]; Park, Sungyu ^[2]; An, Eun‐Su ^[1]; Bae, Juhong ^[2]; Shin, Inseob ^[2]; Kang, Beom Tak ^[1]; Won, Choong Jae ^[3]; Cheong, Sang‐Wook ^[4]; Lee, Hyun‐Woo ^[2]; Lee, Gil‐Ho ^[2]; Cho, Won Joon ^[5];

^[1]

Department of Physics Pohang University of Science and Technology Pohang 37673 Republic of Korea, Center for Artificial Low Dimensional Electronic Systems Institute for Basic Science (IBS) Pohang 37673 Republic of Korea
Department of Physics Pohang University of Science and Technology Pohang 37673 Republic of Korea
Center for Complex Phase of Materials Max Planck POSTECH/Korea Research Initiative Pohang 37673 Republic of Korea, Laboratory for Pohang Emergent Materials Department of Physics, POSTECH Pohang 37673 Republic of Korea
Center for Complex Phase of Materials Max Planck POSTECH/Korea Research Initiative Pohang 37673 Republic of Korea, Laboratory for Pohang Emergent Materials Department of Physics, POSTECH Pohang 37673 Republic of Korea, Rutgers Center for Emergent Materials and Department of Physics and Astronomy Rutgers University Piscataway NJ 08854 USA
Device Research Center Samsung Advanced Institute of Technology (SAIT) Samsung Electronics Co., Ltd 130 Samsung‐ro, Yeongtong‐gu, Suwon‐si Gyeonggi‐do 16678 Republic of Korea

Publication Date:: Fri Mar 22 00:00:00 EDT 2024

Sponsoring Org.:: USDOE

OSTI Identifier:: 2327031

Alternate Identifier(s):: OSTI ID: 2327032

Grant/Contract Number:: DE‐FG02‐07ER46382

Resource Type:: Published Article

Journal Name:: Advanced Science

Additional Journal Information:: Journal Name: Advanced Science; Journal ID: ISSN 2198-3844

Publisher:: Wiley Blackwell (John Wiley & Sons)

Country of Publication:: Germany

Language:: English

Citation Formats


                    Choi, Gyu Seung, Park, Sungyu, An, Eun‐Su, Bae, Juhong, Shin, Inseob, Kang, Beom Tak, Won, Choong Jae, Cheong, Sang‐Wook, Lee, Hyun‐Woo, Lee, Gil‐Ho, Cho, Won Joon, and Kim, Jun Sung. Highly Efficient Room‐Temperature Spin‐Orbit‐Torque Switching in a Van der Waals Heterostructure of Topological Insulator and Ferromagnet.  Germany: N. p., 2024. 
Web.  doi:10.1002/advs.202400893.

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                    Choi, Gyu Seung, Park, Sungyu, An, Eun‐Su, Bae, Juhong, Shin, Inseob, Kang, Beom Tak, Won, Choong Jae, Cheong, Sang‐Wook, Lee, Hyun‐Woo, Lee, Gil‐Ho, Cho, Won Joon, & Kim, Jun Sung. Highly Efficient Room‐Temperature Spin‐Orbit‐Torque Switching in a Van der Waals Heterostructure of Topological Insulator and Ferromagnet.  Germany.  https://doi.org/10.1002/advs.202400893

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                    Choi, Gyu Seung, Park, Sungyu, An, Eun‐Su, Bae, Juhong, Shin, Inseob, Kang, Beom Tak, Won, Choong Jae, Cheong, Sang‐Wook, Lee, Hyun‐Woo, Lee, Gil‐Ho, Cho, Won Joon, and Kim, Jun Sung. Fri .  
"Highly Efficient Room‐Temperature Spin‐Orbit‐Torque Switching in a Van der Waals Heterostructure of Topological Insulator and Ferromagnet".  Germany.  https://doi.org/10.1002/advs.202400893.

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@article{osti_2327031,

  title        = {Highly Efficient Room‐Temperature Spin‐Orbit‐Torque Switching in a Van der Waals Heterostructure of Topological Insulator and Ferromagnet},

  author       = {Choi, Gyu Seung and Park, Sungyu and An, Eun‐Su and Bae, Juhong and Shin, Inseob and Kang, Beom Tak and Won, Choong Jae and Cheong, Sang‐Wook and Lee, Hyun‐Woo and Lee, Gil‐Ho and Cho, Won Joon and Kim, Jun Sung},

  abstractNote = {Abstract All‐Van der Waals (vdW)‐material‐based heterostructures with atomically sharp interfaces offer a versatile platform for high‐performing spintronic functionalities at room temperature. One of the key components is vdW topological insulators (TIs), which can produce a strong spin‐orbit‐torque (SOT) through the spin‐momentum locking of their topological surface state (TSS). However, the relatively low conductance of the TSS introduces a current leakage problem through the bulk states of the TI or the adjacent ferromagnetic metal layers, reducing the interfacial charge‐to‐spin conversion efficiency ( q ICS ). Here, a vdW heterostructure is used consisting of atomically‐thin layers of a bulk‐insulating TI Sn‐doped Bi 1.1 Sb 0.9 Te 2 S 1 and a room‐temperature ferromagnet Fe 3 GaTe 2, to enhance the relative current ratio on the TSS up to ≈20%. The resulting q ICS reaches ≈1.65 nm −1 and the critical current density J c ≈0.9 × 10 6  Acm −2 at 300 K, surpassing the performance of TI‐based and heavy‐metal‐based SOT devices. These findings demonstrate that an all‐vdW heterostructure with thickness optimization offers a promising platform for efficient current‐controlled magnetization switching at room temperature.},

  doi          = {10.1002/advs.202400893},

  journal      = {Advanced Science},

  number       = ,

  volume       = ,

  place        = {Germany},

  year         = {Fri Mar 22 00:00:00 EDT 2024},

  month        = {Fri Mar 22 00:00:00 EDT 2024}

}

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Strongly Surface State Carrier‐Dependent Spin–Orbit Torque in Magnetic Topological Insulators

Journal Article Che, Xiaoyu ; Pan, Quanjun ; Vareskic, Božo ; ... - Advanced Materials

Abstract The topological surface states (TSS) in topological insulators (TIs) can exert strong spin–orbit torque (SOT) on adjacent magnetization, offering great potential in implementing energy‐efficient magnetic memory devices. However, there are large discrepancies among the reported spin Hall angle values in TIs, and its temperature dependence still remains elusive. Here, the spin Hall angle in a modulation‐doped Cr‐Bi _x Sb ₂₋ _x Te ₃ (Cr‐BST) film is quantitatively determined via both transport and optic approaches, where consistent results are obtained. A large spin Hall angle of ≈90 in the modulation‐doped Cr‐BST film is demonstrated at 2.5 K, and the spinmore »« less
Cited by 21
https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.201907661
Thin films of topological Kondo insulator candidate SmB₆: Strong spin-orbit torque without exclusive surface conduction

Journal Article Li, Yufan ; Ma, Qinli ; Huang, S. X. ; ... - Science Advances

The advent of topological insulators (TIs), a novel class of materials that harbor a metallic spin-chiral surface state coexisting with band-insulating bulk, opens up new possibilities for spintronics. One promising route is current-induced switching of an adjacent magnetic layer via spin-orbit torque (SOT), arising from the large spin-orbit coupling intrinsically possessed by TIs. The Kondo insulator SmB₆ has been recently proposed to be a strongly correlated TI, supported by the observation of a metallic surface state in bulk SmB₆, as evidenced by the thickness independence of the low-temperature resistance plateau. We report the synthesis of epitaxial (001) SmB₆/Si thin filmsmore »« less
Cited by 19
https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.aap8294

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Spin orbit torque in ferromagnet/topological-quantum-material heterostructures

Technical Report Xiao, John Q.

The main objective of this proposal was to investigate the spin-orbital driven phenomena in topological insulator (TI)/ferromagnet (FM) or transition metal (TM) heterostructures. In particularly, we tried to utilize the spin-momentum locking properties on the surface of TIs to achieve ideal spin-orbit torques (SOTs). In practice, we found that the surface properties have been greatly modified, resulting in much more complicated magneto-transport behaviors than what is expected in SOT-driven magnetotransport. Through systematic and extended investigations, we start to unravel that the nonlinear magnetotransport properties, which was, in the past, mainly attributed to SOT-driven phenomena, can be used to infer themore »« less
https://doi.org/10.2172/1886831

Full Text Available
Room-Temperature Spin-Orbit Torque from Topological Surface States

Journal Article Wu, Hao ; Zhang, Peng ; Deng, Peng ; ... - Physical Review Letters

Spin-momentum locked surface states in topological insulators (TIs) provide a promising route for achieving high spin-orbit torque (SOT) efficiency beyond the bulk spin-orbit coupling in heavy metals (HMs). However, in previous works, there is a huge discrepancy among the quantitative SOTs from TIs in various systems determined by different methods. In this work, we systematically study the SOT in the TI(HM)/Ti/CoFeB/MgO systems by the same method, and make a conclusive assessment of SOT efficiency for TIs and HMs. Our results demonstrate that TIs show more than one order of magnitude higher SOT efficiency than HMs even at room temperature, atmore »« less
https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.123.207205

Full Text Available
Switching of a Magnet by Spin-Orbit Torque from a Topological Dirac Semimetal

Journal Article Ding, Jinjun ; Liu, Chuanpu ; Kalappattil, Vijaysankar ; ... - Advanced Materials

AbstractRecent experiments show that topological surface states (TSS) in topological insulators (TI) can be exploited to manipulate magnetic ordering in ferromagnets. In principle, TSS should also exist for other topological materials, but it remains unexplored as to whether such states can also be utilized to manipulate ferromagnets. Herein, current‐induced magnetization switching enabled by TSS in a non‐TI topological material, namely, a topological Dirac semimetal α‐Sn, is reported. The experiments use an α‐Sn/Ag/CoFeB trilayer structure. The magnetization in the CoFeB layer can be switched by a charge current at room temperature, without an external magnetic field. The data show that themore »« less
https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.202005909

Full Text Available

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Title: Highly Efficient Room‐Temperature Spin‐Orbit‐Torque Switching in a Van der Waals Heterostructure of Topological Insulator and Ferromagnet

Abstract

Citation Formats

Quantitative characterization of the spin-orbit torque using harmonic Hall voltage measurements journal, April 2014

Ultralow power spin–orbit torque magnetization switching induced by a non-epitaxial topological insulator on Si substrates journal, July 2020

Recent progress in the assembly of nanodevices and van der Waals heterostructures by deterministic placement of 2D materials journal, January 2018

Efficient current-induced spin torques and field-free magnetization switching in a room-temperature van der Waals magnet journal, December 2023

Magnetization switching through giant spin–orbit torque in a magnetically doped topological insulator heterostructure journal, April 2014

Roadmap of Spin–Orbit Torques journal, July 2021

Large thermopower in topological surface state of Sn-BSTS topological insulators: Thermoelectrics and energy-dependent relaxation times journal, January 2021

Tilting of the spin orientation induced by Rashba effect in ferromagnetic metal layer journal, October 2010

Two-dimensional itinerant ferromagnetism in atomically thin Fe3GeTe2 journal, August 2018

Deterministic switching of a perpendicularly polarized magnet using unconventional spin–orbit torques in WTe2 journal, June 2022

Revealing the importance of interfaces for pure spin current transport journal, May 2021

van der Waals Magnets: Material Family, Detection and Modulation of Magnetism, and Perspective in Spintronics journal, December 2020

Fermi-level-dependent charge-to-spin current conversion by Dirac surface states of topological insulators journal, July 2016

Strong bulk spin–orbit torques quantified in the van der Waals ferromagnet Fe3GeTe2 journal, September 2022

Angle resolved second harmonic technique for precise evaluation of spin orbit torque in strong perpendicular magnetic anisotropy systems journal, November 2021

Oscillatory crossover from two-dimensional to three-dimensional topological insulators journal, January 2010

Room-Temperature Spin-Orbit Torque Switching Induced by a Topological Insulator journal, August 2017

Terahertz single conductance quantum and topological phase transitions in topological insulator Bi2Se3 ultrathin films journal, March 2015

Current-induced switching of proximity-induced ferromagnetic surface states in a topological insulator journal, March 2021

Room temperature energy-efficient spin-orbit torque switching in two-dimensional van der Waals Fe3GeTe2 induced by topological insulators journal, August 2023

Switching of Perpendicular Magnetization by Spin–Orbit Torque journal, October 2023

Layer thickness dependence of the current-induced effective field vector in Ta|CoFeB|MgO journal, December 2012

Large Tunable Rashba Spin Splitting of a Two-Dimensional Electron Gas in Bi 2 Se 3 journal, August 2011

Ultrahigh efficient spin orbit torque magnetization switching in fully sputtered topological insulator and ferromagnet multilayers journal, February 2022

Room-temperature high spin–orbit torque due to quantum confinement in sputtered BixSe(1–x) films journal, July 2018

The Magnetic Genome of Two-Dimensional van der Waals Materials journal, April 2022

Topological insulators for efficient spin–orbit torques journal, June 2021

Spin–Orbit Torques Based on Topological Materials journal, September 2022

Band structure and spin texture of Bi 2 Se 3 3 d ferromagnetic metal interface journal, July 2016

A topological insulator surface under strong Coulomb, magnetic and disorder perturbations journal, December 2010

Surface-dominated transport and enhanced thermoelectric figure of merit in topological insulator Bi1.5Sb0.5Te1.7Se1.3 journal, January 2015

Strongly Surface State Carrier‐Dependent Spin–Orbit Torque in Magnetic Topological Insulators journal, February 2020

Atomic Scale Control of Spin Current Transmission at Interfaces journal, April 2022

Stacking of 2D Materials journal, October 2020

Van der Waals engineering of ferromagnetic semiconductor heterostructures for spin and valleytronics journal, May 2017

Quantum Hall effect of Dirac surface states of as-grown single crystal flakes in Sn 0.02 -Bi 1.08 Sb 0.9 Te 2 S without gate control journal, July 2019

The spin Hall effect of Bi-Sb alloys driven by thermally excited Dirac-like electrons journal, March 2020

Roles of Joule heating and spin-orbit torques in the direct current induced magnetization reversal journal, August 2018

Room‐Temperature van der Waals Ferromagnet Switching by Spin‐Orbit Torques journal, November 2023

Spin‐Orbit Torque in Van der Waals‐Layered Materials and Heterostructures journal, July 2021

Observation of topological surface state quantum Hall effect in an intrinsic three-dimensional topological insulator journal, November 2014

Magnetization switching in van der Waals systems by spin-orbit torque journal, June 2023

Imaging current distribution in a topological insulator Bi2Se3 in the presence of competing surface and bulk contributions to conductivity journal, April 2021

Current-induced magnetization switching at charge-transferred interface between topological insulator (Bi,Sb)2Te3 and van der Waals ferromagnet Fe3GeTe2 journal, July 2021

Influence of the Hall-bar geometry on harmonic Hall voltage measurements of spin-orbit torques journal, September 2018

Spin homojunction with high interfacial transparency for efficient spin-charge conversion journal, September 2022

Gate-tunable room-temperature ferromagnetism in two-dimensional Fe3GeTe2 journal, October 2018

Room-Temperature Switching of Perpendicular Magnetization by Magnon Torques journal, March 2023

Above-room-temperature strong intrinsic ferromagnetism in 2D van der Waals Fe3GaTe2 with large perpendicular magnetic anisotropy journal, August 2022

Magnetization switching using topological surface states journal, August 2019

Van der Waals heterostructures journal, July 2013

A sudden collapse in the transport lifetime across the topological phase transition in (Bi1−xInx)2Se3 journal, June 2013

Ferromagnetism above Room Temperature in Two Intrinsic van der Waals Magnets with Large Coercivity journal, November 2023

Measurement of the Hall effect at nanoscale with three probes journal, August 2018

Spin to Charge Conversion at Room Temperature by Spin Pumping into a New Type of Topological Insulator: α -Sn Films journal, March 2016

Tremendous tunneling magnetoresistance effects based on van der Waals room-temperature ferromagnet Fe3GaTe2 with highly spin-polarized Fermi surfaces journal, February 2023

Room temperature magnetization switching in topological insulator-ferromagnet heterostructures by spin-orbit torques journal, November 2017

Interplay between Different Magnetisms in Cr-Doped Topological Insulators journal, September 2013

Current-driven magnetization switching in a van der Waals ferromagnet Fe 3 GeTe 2 journal, August 2019

Emergent quantum confinement at topological insulator surfaces journal, January 2012

Topological Surface States Originated Spin-Orbit Torques in Bi 2 Se 3 journal, June 2015

New moves of the spintronics tango journal, April 2012

Tunable spin injection and detection across a van der Waals interface journal, August 2022

Two-Dimensional Materials for Energy-Efficient Spin–Orbit Torque Devices journal, July 2020

Cascadable in-memory computing based on symmetric writing and readout journal, December 2022

Highly Efficient Spin–Orbit Torque and Switching of Layered Ferromagnet Fe 3 GeTe 2 journal, June 2019

A conductive topological insulator with large spin Hall effect for ultralow power spin–orbit torque switching journal, July 2018

Proximity Band Structure and Spin Textures on Both Sides of Topological-Insulator/Ferromagnetic-Metal Interface and Their Charge Transport Probes journal, August 2017

Van der Waals‐Interface‐Dominated All‐2D Electronics journal, March 2023

Ferromagnetism Near Room Temperature in the Cleavable van der Waals Crystal Fe 5 GeTe 2 journal, March 2019

Symmetry and magnitude of spin–orbit torques in ferromagnetic heterostructures journal, July 2013

Gigantic Current Control of Coercive Field and Magnetic Memory Based on Nanometer‐Thin Ferromagnetic van der Waals Fe 3 GeTe 2 journal, December 2020

Characterization of spin-orbit torque and thermoelectric effects via coherent magnetization rotation journal, July 2020

Giant tunneling magnetoresistance in spin-filter van der Waals heterostructures journal, May 2018

Efficient Spin‐Orbit Torque Switching of Perpendicular Magnetization using Topological Insulators with High Thermal Tolerance journal, May 2022

Magnetization switching by magnon-mediated spin torque through an antiferromagnetic insulator journal, November 2019

Spin–Orbit Torque Switching in an All‐Van der Waals Heterostructure journal, January 2022

Quantitative characterization of the spin-orbit torque using harmonic Hall voltage measurements
journal, April 2014

Ultralow power spin–orbit torque magnetization switching induced by a non-epitaxial topological insulator on Si substrates
journal, July 2020

Recent progress in the assembly of nanodevices and van der Waals heterostructures by deterministic placement of 2D materials
journal, January 2018

Efficient current-induced spin torques and field-free magnetization switching in a room-temperature van der Waals magnet
journal, December 2023

Magnetization switching through giant spin–orbit torque in a magnetically doped topological insulator heterostructure
journal, April 2014

Roadmap of Spin–Orbit Torques
journal, July 2021

Large thermopower in topological surface state of Sn-BSTS topological insulators: Thermoelectrics and energy-dependent relaxation times
journal, January 2021

Tilting of the spin orientation induced by Rashba effect in ferromagnetic metal layer
journal, October 2010

Two-dimensional itinerant ferromagnetism in atomically thin Fe3GeTe2
journal, August 2018

Deterministic switching of a perpendicularly polarized magnet using unconventional spin–orbit torques in WTe2
journal, June 2022

Revealing the importance of interfaces for pure spin current transport
journal, May 2021

van der Waals Magnets: Material Family, Detection and Modulation of Magnetism, and Perspective in Spintronics
journal, December 2020

Fermi-level-dependent charge-to-spin current conversion by Dirac surface states of topological insulators
journal, July 2016

Strong bulk spin–orbit torques quantified in the van der Waals ferromagnet Fe₃GeTe₂
journal, September 2022

Angle resolved second harmonic technique for precise evaluation of spin orbit torque in strong perpendicular magnetic anisotropy systems
journal, November 2021

Oscillatory crossover from two-dimensional to three-dimensional topological insulators
journal, January 2010

Room-Temperature Spin-Orbit Torque Switching Induced by a Topological Insulator
journal, August 2017

Terahertz single conductance quantum and topological phase transitions in topological insulator Bi2Se3 ultrathin films
journal, March 2015

Current-induced switching of proximity-induced ferromagnetic surface states in a topological insulator
journal, March 2021

Room temperature energy-efficient spin-orbit torque switching in two-dimensional van der Waals Fe3GeTe2 induced by topological insulators
journal, August 2023

Switching of Perpendicular Magnetization by Spin–Orbit Torque
journal, October 2023

Layer thickness dependence of the current-induced effective field vector in Ta|CoFeB|MgO
journal, December 2012

Large Tunable Rashba Spin Splitting of a Two-Dimensional Electron Gas in ${Bi}_{2} {Se}_{3}$
journal, August 2011

Ultrahigh efficient spin orbit torque magnetization switching in fully sputtered topological insulator and ferromagnet multilayers
journal, February 2022

Room-temperature high spin–orbit torque due to quantum confinement in sputtered BixSe(1–x) films
journal, July 2018

The Magnetic Genome of Two-Dimensional van der Waals Materials
journal, April 2022

Topological insulators for efficient spin–orbit torques
journal, June 2021

Spin–Orbit Torques Based on Topological Materials
journal, September 2022

Band structure and spin texture of ${Bi}_{2} {Se}_{3} 3 d$ ferromagnetic metal interface
journal, July 2016

A topological insulator surface under strong Coulomb, magnetic and disorder perturbations
journal, December 2010

Surface-dominated transport and enhanced thermoelectric figure of merit in topological insulator Bi_1.5Sb_0.5Te_1.7Se_1.3
journal, January 2015

Strongly Surface State Carrier‐Dependent Spin–Orbit Torque in Magnetic Topological Insulators
journal, February 2020

Atomic Scale Control of Spin Current Transmission at Interfaces
journal, April 2022

Stacking of 2D Materials
journal, October 2020

Van der Waals engineering of ferromagnetic semiconductor heterostructures for spin and valleytronics
journal, May 2017

Quantum Hall effect of Dirac surface states of as-grown single crystal flakes in Sn _0.02 -Bi _1.08 Sb _0.9 Te ₂ S without gate control
journal, July 2019

The spin Hall effect of Bi-Sb alloys driven by thermally excited Dirac-like electrons
journal, March 2020

Roles of Joule heating and spin-orbit torques in the direct current induced magnetization reversal
journal, August 2018

Room‐Temperature van der Waals Ferromagnet Switching by Spin‐Orbit Torques
journal, November 2023

Spin‐Orbit Torque in Van der Waals‐Layered Materials and Heterostructures
journal, July 2021

Observation of topological surface state quantum Hall effect in an intrinsic three-dimensional topological insulator
journal, November 2014

Magnetization switching in van der Waals systems by spin-orbit torque
journal, June 2023

Imaging current distribution in a topological insulator Bi2Se3 in the presence of competing surface and bulk contributions to conductivity
journal, April 2021

Current-induced magnetization switching at charge-transferred interface between topological insulator (Bi,Sb)₂Te₃ and van der Waals ferromagnet Fe₃GeTe₂
journal, July 2021

Influence of the Hall-bar geometry on harmonic Hall voltage measurements of spin-orbit torques
journal, September 2018

Spin homojunction with high interfacial transparency for efficient spin-charge conversion
journal, September 2022

Gate-tunable room-temperature ferromagnetism in two-dimensional Fe3GeTe2
journal, October 2018

Room-Temperature Switching of Perpendicular Magnetization by Magnon Torques
journal, March 2023

Above-room-temperature strong intrinsic ferromagnetism in 2D van der Waals Fe3GaTe2 with large perpendicular magnetic anisotropy
journal, August 2022

Magnetization switching using topological surface states
journal, August 2019

Van der Waals heterostructures
journal, July 2013

A sudden collapse in the transport lifetime across the topological phase transition in (Bi1−xInx)2Se3
journal, June 2013

Ferromagnetism above Room Temperature in Two Intrinsic van der Waals Magnets with Large Coercivity
journal, November 2023

Measurement of the Hall effect at nanoscale with three probes
journal, August 2018

Spin to Charge Conversion at Room Temperature by Spin Pumping into a New Type of Topological Insulator: $α$ -Sn Films
journal, March 2016

Tremendous tunneling magnetoresistance effects based on van der Waals room-temperature ferromagnet Fe3GaTe2 with highly spin-polarized Fermi surfaces
journal, February 2023

Room temperature magnetization switching in topological insulator-ferromagnet heterostructures by spin-orbit torques
journal, November 2017

Interplay between Different Magnetisms in Cr-Doped Topological Insulators
journal, September 2013

Current-driven magnetization switching in a van der Waals ferromagnet Fe ₃ GeTe ₂
journal, August 2019

Emergent quantum confinement at topological insulator surfaces
journal, January 2012

Topological Surface States Originated Spin-Orbit Torques in ${Bi}_{2} {Se}_{3}$
journal, June 2015

New moves of the spintronics tango
journal, April 2012

Tunable spin injection and detection across a van der Waals interface
journal, August 2022

Two-Dimensional Materials for Energy-Efficient Spin–Orbit Torque Devices
journal, July 2020

Cascadable in-memory computing based on symmetric writing and readout
journal, December 2022

Highly Efficient Spin–Orbit Torque and Switching of Layered Ferromagnet Fe ₃ GeTe ₂
journal, June 2019

A conductive topological insulator with large spin Hall effect for ultralow power spin–orbit torque switching
journal, July 2018

Proximity Band Structure and Spin Textures on Both Sides of Topological-Insulator/Ferromagnetic-Metal Interface and Their Charge Transport Probes
journal, August 2017

Van der Waals‐Interface‐Dominated All‐2D Electronics
journal, March 2023

Ferromagnetism Near Room Temperature in the Cleavable van der Waals Crystal Fe ₅ GeTe ₂
journal, March 2019

Symmetry and magnitude of spin–orbit torques in ferromagnetic heterostructures
journal, July 2013

Gigantic Current Control of Coercive Field and Magnetic Memory Based on Nanometer‐Thin Ferromagnetic van der Waals Fe ₃ GeTe ₂
journal, December 2020

Characterization of spin-orbit torque and thermoelectric effects via coherent magnetization rotation
journal, July 2020

Giant tunneling magnetoresistance in spin-filter van der Waals heterostructures
journal, May 2018

Efficient Spin‐Orbit Torque Switching of Perpendicular Magnetization using Topological Insulators with High Thermal Tolerance
journal, May 2022

Magnetization switching by magnon-mediated spin torque through an antiferromagnetic insulator
journal, November 2019

Spin–Orbit Torque Switching in an All‐Van der Waals Heterostructure
journal, January 2022

Significant enhancement of ferromagnetism above room temperature in epitaxial 2D van der Waals ferromagnet Fe_5−δGeTe₂/Bi₂Te₃ heterostructures
journal, January 2023

Manipulating Surface-Related Ferromagnetism in Modulation-Doped Topological Insulators
journal, September 2013