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Title: Hot QCD phase diagram from holographic Einstein–Maxwell–Dilaton models

Abstract

In this review, we provide an up-to-date account of quantitative holographic descriptions of the strongly coupled quark-gluon plasma (QGP) produced in heavy-ion collisions, based on the class of gauge-gravity Einstein-Maxwell-Dilaton (EMD) models. Holography is employed to tentatively map the QCD phase diagram at finite temperature onto a dual theory of charged, asymptotically AdS black holes in 5D. With a quantitative focus on the hot QCD phase diagram, the EMD models reviewed are adjusted to describe lattice results for the finite-temperature QCD equation of state, with 2+1 flavors and physical quark masses, at zero chemical potential and vanishing electromagnetic fields. The predictive power of EMD models is tested by quantitatively comparing their predictions for the hot QCD equation of state at nonzero baryon density and the corresponding state-of-the-art lattice QCD results. The shear and bulk viscosities predicted by these EMD models are also compared to the corresponding profiles favored by the latest phenomenological multistage models describing different heavy-ion data. We report preliminary results from a Bayesian analysis which provide systematic evidence that lattice results at finite temperature and zero baryon density strongly constrains the free parameters of EMD models. Remarkably, the set of parameters constrained by lattice results at zero chemicalmore » potential produces EMD models in quantitative agreement with lattice QCD results also at finite baryon density. We also review results for equilibrium and transport properties from magnetic EMD models, describing the QGP at finite temperatures and magnetic fields. Lastly, we provide a critical assessment of the main limitations and drawbacks of the holographic models reviewed in the present work, and point out some perspectives we believe are of fundamental importance for future developments.« less

Authors:
ORCiD logo [1]; ORCiD logo [2];  [3];  [3]; ORCiD logo [3];  [2];  [2]
  1. Universidade Federal de Goiás (Brazil)
  2. University of Houston, TX (United States)
  3. University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, IL (United States)
Publication Date:
Research Org.:
University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, IL (United States); Univ. of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, IL (United States)
Sponsoring Org.:
USDOE Office of Science (SC), Nuclear Physics (NP); National Science Foundation (NSF)
OSTI Identifier:
2280690
Alternate Identifier(s):
OSTI ID: 2281757; OSTI ID: 2283626
Grant/Contract Number:  
SC0020633; SC0021301; SC0023861; PHY-2208724; PHY-2116686; SC0022023
Resource Type:
Accepted Manuscript
Journal Name:
Progress in Particle and Nuclear Physics
Additional Journal Information:
Journal Volume: 125; Journal ID: ISSN 0146-6410
Publisher:
Elsevier
Country of Publication:
United States
Language:
English
Subject:
73 NUCLEAR PHYSICS AND RADIATION PHYSICS

Citation Formats

Rougemont, Romulo, Grefa, Joaquin, Hippert, Mauricio, Noronha, Jorge, Noronha-Hostler, Jacquelyn, Portillo, Israel, and Ratti, Claudia. Hot QCD phase diagram from holographic Einstein–Maxwell–Dilaton models. United States: N. p., 2023. Web. doi:10.1016/j.ppnp.2023.104093.
Rougemont, Romulo, Grefa, Joaquin, Hippert, Mauricio, Noronha, Jorge, Noronha-Hostler, Jacquelyn, Portillo, Israel, & Ratti, Claudia. Hot QCD phase diagram from holographic Einstein–Maxwell–Dilaton models. United States. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ppnp.2023.104093
Rougemont, Romulo, Grefa, Joaquin, Hippert, Mauricio, Noronha, Jorge, Noronha-Hostler, Jacquelyn, Portillo, Israel, and Ratti, Claudia. Thu . "Hot QCD phase diagram from holographic Einstein–Maxwell–Dilaton models". United States. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ppnp.2023.104093.
@article{osti_2280690,
title = {Hot QCD phase diagram from holographic Einstein–Maxwell–Dilaton models},
author = {Rougemont, Romulo and Grefa, Joaquin and Hippert, Mauricio and Noronha, Jorge and Noronha-Hostler, Jacquelyn and Portillo, Israel and Ratti, Claudia},
abstractNote = {In this review, we provide an up-to-date account of quantitative holographic descriptions of the strongly coupled quark-gluon plasma (QGP) produced in heavy-ion collisions, based on the class of gauge-gravity Einstein-Maxwell-Dilaton (EMD) models. Holography is employed to tentatively map the QCD phase diagram at finite temperature onto a dual theory of charged, asymptotically AdS black holes in 5D. With a quantitative focus on the hot QCD phase diagram, the EMD models reviewed are adjusted to describe lattice results for the finite-temperature QCD equation of state, with 2+1 flavors and physical quark masses, at zero chemical potential and vanishing electromagnetic fields. The predictive power of EMD models is tested by quantitatively comparing their predictions for the hot QCD equation of state at nonzero baryon density and the corresponding state-of-the-art lattice QCD results. The shear and bulk viscosities predicted by these EMD models are also compared to the corresponding profiles favored by the latest phenomenological multistage models describing different heavy-ion data. We report preliminary results from a Bayesian analysis which provide systematic evidence that lattice results at finite temperature and zero baryon density strongly constrains the free parameters of EMD models. Remarkably, the set of parameters constrained by lattice results at zero chemical potential produces EMD models in quantitative agreement with lattice QCD results also at finite baryon density. We also review results for equilibrium and transport properties from magnetic EMD models, describing the QGP at finite temperatures and magnetic fields. Lastly, we provide a critical assessment of the main limitations and drawbacks of the holographic models reviewed in the present work, and point out some perspectives we believe are of fundamental importance for future developments.},
doi = {10.1016/j.ppnp.2023.104093},
journal = {Progress in Particle and Nuclear Physics},
number = ,
volume = 125,
place = {United States},
year = {Thu Nov 30 00:00:00 EST 2023},
month = {Thu Nov 30 00:00:00 EST 2023}
}

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Full result for the QCD equation of state with <mml:math altimg="si1.gif" overflow="scroll" xmlns:xocs="http://www.elsevier.com/xml/xocs/dtd" xmlns:xs="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns="http://www.elsevier.com/xml/ja/dtd" xmlns:ja="http://www.elsevier.com/xml/ja/dtd" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:tb="http://www.elsevier.com/xml/common/table/dtd" xmlns:sb="http://www.elsevier.com/xml/common/struct-bib/dtd" xmlns:ce="http://www.elsevier.com/xml/common/dtd" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:cals="http://www.elsevier.com/xml/common/cals/dtd" xmlns:sa="http://www.elsevier.com/xml/common/struct-aff/dtd"><mml:mn>2</mml:mn><mml:mo>+</mml:mo><mml:mn>1</mml:mn></mml:math> flavors
journal, March 2014


Nonequilibrium Dynamics and Phase Transitions in Holographic Models
journal, August 2016


QCD shear viscosity at (almost) NLO
journal, March 2018

  • Ghiglieri, Jacopo; Moore, Guy D.; Teaney, Derek
  • Journal of High Energy Physics, Vol. 2018, Issue 3
  • DOI: 10.1007/JHEP03(2018)179

Probing strongly coupled anisotropic plasma
journal, July 2012


Magnetising the $$ \mathcal{N} $$ = 4 Super Yang-Mills plasma
journal, June 2022

  • Ballon-Bayona, Alfonso; Shock, Jonathan P.; Zoakos, Dimitrios
  • Journal of High Energy Physics, Vol. 2022, Issue 6
  • DOI: 10.1007/JHEP06(2022)154

Holographic model for heavy quarks in anisotropic hot dense QGP with external magnetic field
journal, July 2021

  • Aref’eva, Irina Ya.; Rannu, Kristina; Slepov, Pavel
  • Journal of High Energy Physics, Vol. 2021, Issue 7
  • DOI: 10.1007/JHEP07(2021)161

Principle of Equivalence for all Strongly Interacting Particles within the S -Matrix Framework
journal, November 1961


Energy loss of a heavy quark moving through Script N = 4 supersymmetric Yang-Mills plasma
journal, July 2006


Anisotropic string tensions and inversely magnetic catalyzed deconfinement from a dynamical AdS/QCD model
journal, February 2020


Generalized global symmetries and dissipative magnetohydrodynamics
journal, May 2017


Critical behavior at finite-temperature confinement transitions
journal, December 1982


Universality of the Shear Viscosity from Supergravity Duals
journal, August 2004


Breaking rotations without violating the KSS viscosity bound
journal, July 2023

  • Baggioli, Matteo; Cremonini, Sera; Early, Laura
  • Journal of High Energy Physics, Vol. 2023, Issue 7
  • DOI: 10.1007/JHEP07(2023)016

Phenomenological consequences of enhanced bulk viscosity near the QCD critical point
journal, March 2017


Dimensional reduction and catalysis of dynamical symmetry breaking by a magnetic field
journal, March 1996


The QCD equation of state from the lattice
journal, May 2013


Black Holes and Entropy
journal, April 1973


Strongly coupled quark-gluon plasma in heavy ion collisions
journal, July 2017


Calculation of the axion mass based on high-temperature lattice quantum chromodynamics
journal, November 2016


Particle creation by black holes
journal, June 1976

  • Hawking, S. W.
  • Communications in Mathematical Physics, Vol. 46, Issue 2
  • DOI: 10.1007/BF01608497

Positive energy in anti-de Sitter backgrounds and gauged extended supergravity
journal, September 1982


Holographic QCD: Past, present, and future
journal, January 2013


Transport coefficients of the quark-gluon plasma at the critical point and across the first-order line
journal, August 2022


Holographic estimate of heavy quark diffusion in a magnetic field
journal, March 2018


Heavy quark diffusion in strongly coupled anisotropic plasmas
journal, June 2014

  • Giataganas, Dimitrios; Soltanpanahi, Hesam
  • Journal of High Energy Physics, Vol. 2014, Issue 6
  • DOI: 10.1007/JHEP06(2014)047

D3/D7 quark-gluon plasma with magnetically induced anisotropy
journal, September 2012

  • Ammon, Martin; Filev, Veselin; Tarrío, Javier
  • Journal of High Energy Physics, Vol. 2012, Issue 9
  • DOI: 10.1007/JHEP09(2012)039

Resistive dissipative magnetohydrodynamics from the Boltzmann-Vlasov equation
journal, March 2019


The QCD equation of state in background magnetic fields
journal, August 2014

  • Bali, G. S.; Bruckmann, F.; Endrődi, G.
  • Journal of High Energy Physics, Vol. 2014, Issue 8
  • DOI: 10.1007/JHEP08(2014)177

Classical electromagnetic fields from quantum sources in heavy-ion collisions
journal, January 2017


A property of electric and magnetic flux in non-Abelian gauge theories
journal, January 1979


Bjorken flow in one-dimensional relativistic magnetohydrodynamics with magnetization
journal, April 2016


Lattice QCD and heavy ion collisions: a review of recent progress
journal, July 2018


Numerical solution of gravitational dynamics in asymptotically anti-de Sitter spacetimes
journal, July 2014

  • Chesler, Paul M.; Yaffe, Laurence G.
  • Journal of High Energy Physics, Vol. 2014, Issue 7
  • DOI: 10.1007/JHEP07(2014)086

Debye screening mass near deconfinement from holography
journal, December 2014


Wilson loops in heavy ion collisions and their calculation in AdS/CFT
journal, March 2007


Magnetohydrodynamics, charged currents, and directed flow in heavy ion collisions
journal, May 2014


Electromagnetic fields and anomalous transports in heavy-ion collisions—a pedagogical review
journal, June 2016


Effect of intense magnetic fields on reduced-magnetohydrodynamics evolution in s N N = 200 GeV Au + Au collisions
journal, November 2017


Momentum transport in strongly coupled anisotropic plasmas in the presence of strong magnetic fields
journal, September 2016


Searching for phase transitions in neutron stars with modified Gaussian processes
journal, June 2023

  • Mroczek, Debora; Coleman Miller, M.; Noronha-Hostler, Jacquelyn
  • Journal of Physics: Conference Series, Vol. 2536, Issue 1
  • DOI: 10.1088/1742-6596/2536/1/012006

Estimate of the Magnetic Field Strength in Heavy-Ion Collisions
journal, December 2009

  • Skokov, V. V.; Illarionov, A. Yu.; Toneev, V. D.
  • International Journal of Modern Physics A, Vol. 24, Issue 31
  • DOI: 10.1142/S0217751X09047570

Coupling Hydrodynamics to Nonequilibrium Degrees of Freedom in Strongly Interacting Quark-Gluon Plasma
journal, December 2014


Thermal photon, dilepton production, and electric charge transport in a baryon rich strongly coupled QGP from holography
journal, February 2016


Jet quenching parameters in strongly coupled anisotropic plasmas in the presence of magnetic fields
journal, August 2020


New theories of relativistic hydrodynamics in the LHC era
journal, February 2018

  • Florkowski, Wojciech; Heller, Michal P.; Spaliński, Michał
  • Reports on Progress in Physics, Vol. 81, Issue 4
  • DOI: 10.1088/1361-6633/aaa091

Bayesian estimation of the specific shear and bulk viscosity of the quark-gluon plasma with additional flow harmonic observables
journal, November 2021


Viscosity in Strongly Interacting Quantum Field Theories from Black Hole Physics
journal, March 2005


The CBM experiment at GSI/FAIR
journal, August 2006


Probing QCD critical point and induced gravitational wave by black hole physics
journal, December 2022


The shear viscosity in anisotropic phases
journal, October 2015

  • Jain, Sachin; Samanta, Rickmoy; Trivedi, Sandip P.
  • Journal of High Energy Physics, Vol. 2015, Issue 10
  • DOI: 10.1007/JHEP10(2015)028

Evolution of the mean jet shape and dijet asymmetry distribution of an ensemble of holographic jets in strongly coupled plasma
journal, February 2018

  • Brewer, Jasmine; Rajagopal, Krishna; Sadofyev, Andrey
  • Journal of High Energy Physics, Vol. 2018, Issue 2
  • DOI: 10.1007/JHEP02(2018)015

Hot and dense quark-gluon plasma thermodynamics from holographic black holes
journal, August 2021


Lectures on holographic superfluidity and superconductivity
journal, August 2009


Sound Velocity Bound and Neutron Stars
journal, January 2015


Anisotropic heavy quark potential in strongly-coupled N = 4 SYM theory in a magnetic field
journal, March 2015


Electric conductivity with the magnetic field and the chiral anomaly in a holographic QCD model
journal, March 2022


Langevin diffusion of heavy quarks in non-conformal holographic backgrounds
journal, December 2010

  • Gürsoy, Umut; Kiritsis, Elias; Mazzanti, Liuba
  • Journal of High Energy Physics, Vol. 2010, Issue 12
  • DOI: 10.1007/JHEP12(2010)088

Thermal transport and drag force in improved holographic QCD
journal, December 2009

  • Gürsoy, Umut; Kiritsis, Elias; Michalogiorgakis, Georgios
  • Journal of High Energy Physics, Vol. 2009, Issue 12
  • DOI: 10.1088/1126-6708/2009/12/056

Relativistic magnetohydrodynamics
journal, May 2017


QCD equation of state matched to lattice data and exhibiting a critical point singularity
journal, March 2020


Holographic approach to transport in dense QCD matter
journal, March 2022


Relativistic non-resistive viscous magnetohydrodynamics from the kinetic theory: a relaxation time approach
journal, March 2021

  • Panda, Ankit Kumar; Dash, Ashutosh; Biswas, Rajesh
  • Journal of High Energy Physics, Vol. 2021, Issue 3
  • DOI: 10.1007/JHEP03(2021)216

Curvature singularities: The good, the bad, and the naked
journal, January 2000


The Color Glass Condensate and Small-x Physics
book, January 2002


Mesons in gauge/gravity duals
journal, January 2008


Fluidity and supercriticality of the QCD matter created in relativistic heavy ion collisions
journal, January 2010


Bayesian modeling of the nuclear equation of state for neutron star tidal deformabilities and GW170817
journal, November 2019


Neutron Star Equation of State in Light of GW190814
journal, December 2020


Quasinormal modes of charged magnetic black branes & chiral magnetic transport
journal, April 2017

  • Ammon, Martin; Kaminski, Matthias; Koirala, Roshan
  • Journal of High Energy Physics, Vol. 2017, Issue 4
  • DOI: 10.1007/JHEP04(2017)067

Flow at the SPS and RHIC as a Quark-Gluon Plasma Signature
journal, May 2001


Holographic models for QCD in the Veneziano limit
journal, March 2012

  • Järvinen, Matti; Kiritsis, Elias
  • Journal of High Energy Physics, Vol. 2012, Issue 3
  • DOI: 10.1007/JHEP03(2012)002

Bulk viscosity of strongly coupled plasmas with holographic duals
journal, August 2008


Probing dense baryon-rich matter with virtual photons
journal, July 2019


Holographic modeling of nuclear matter and neutron stars
journal, April 2022


Charged magnetic brane solutions in AdS5 and the fate of the third law of thermodynamics
journal, March 2010


The effects of topological charge change in heavy ion collisions: “Event by event and violation”
journal, May 2008


Challenges in QCD matter physics --The scientific programme of the Compressed Baryonic Matter experiment at FAIR
journal, March 2017


Inverse magnetic catalysis from improved holographic QCD in the Veneziano limit
journal, March 2017

  • Gürsoy, Umut; Iatrakis, Ioannis; Järvinen, Matti
  • Journal of High Energy Physics, Vol. 2017, Issue 3
  • DOI: 10.1007/JHEP03(2017)053

Kubo formulas for relativistic fluids in strong magnetic fields
journal, December 2011


Magnetic Catalysis Versus Magnetic Inhibition
journal, January 2013


On the phase transition towards permanent quark confinement
journal, June 1978


Bulk viscosity-driven suppression of shear viscosity effects on the flow harmonics at energies available at the BNL Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider
journal, September 2014

  • Noronha-Hostler, Jacquelyn; Noronha, Jorge; Grassi, Frédérique
  • Physical Review C, Vol. 90, Issue 3
  • DOI: 10.1103/PhysRevC.90.034907

An Extended Magnetohydrodynamics Model for Relativistic Weakly Collisional Plasmas
journal, September 2015


Bayesian uncertainty quantification of perturbative QCD input to the neutron-star equation of state
journal, June 2023

  • Gorda, Tyler; Komoltsev, Oleg; Kurkela, Aleksi
  • Journal of High Energy Physics, Vol. 2023, Issue 6
  • DOI: 10.1007/JHEP06(2023)002

Quantum information in holographic duality
journal, March 2022

  • Chen, Bowen; Czech, Bartłomiej; Wang, Zi-Zhi
  • Reports on Progress in Physics, Vol. 85, Issue 4
  • DOI: 10.1088/1361-6633/ac51b5

Nonparametric constraints on neutron star matter with existing and upcoming gravitational wave and pulsar observations
journal, June 2020


Nonhydrodynamic quasinormal modes and equilibration of a baryon dense holographic QGP with a critical point
journal, August 2018


Holographic calculation of the QCD crossover temperature in a magnetic field
journal, February 2016


Thermal properties of gauge fields and quark liberation
journal, January 1978


Particle creation by black holes
journal, August 1975

  • Hawking, S. W.
  • Communications In Mathematical Physics, Vol. 43, Issue 3
  • DOI: 10.1007/BF02345020

Fluid dynamic propagation of initial baryon number perturbations on a Bjorken flow background
journal, December 2015


Far-from-equilibrium dynamics of a strongly coupled non-Abelian plasma with non-zero charge density or external magnetic field
journal, July 2015

  • Fuini, John F.; Yaffe, Laurence G.
  • Journal of High Energy Physics, Vol. 2015, Issue 7
  • DOI: 10.1007/JHEP07(2015)116

INTRODUCTION TO THE MALDACENA CONJECTURE ON AdS/CFT
journal, September 1999


Correlations far from equilibrium in charged strongly coupled fluids subjected to a strong magnetic field
journal, September 2019

  • Cartwright, Casey; Kaminski, Matthias
  • Journal of High Energy Physics, Vol. 2019, Issue 9
  • DOI: 10.1007/JHEP09(2019)072

Is the Standard Model in the Swampland? Consistency Requirements from Gravitational Scattering
journal, August 2021


The Shear Viscosity to Entropy Ratio: a Status Report
journal, September 2011


Net-baryon diffusion in fluid-dynamic simulations of relativistic heavy-ion collisions
journal, September 2018


Polyakov loop and heavy quark entropy in strong magnetic fields from holographic black hole engineering
journal, December 2016


Introduction to Holographic Superconductors
book, January 2011

  • Horowitz, Gary T.
  • From Gravity to Thermal Gauge Theories: The AdS/CFT Correspondence (Lecture Notes in Physics series)
  • DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-04864-7_10

Modelling general-relativistic plasmas with collisionless moments and dissipative two-fluid magnetohydrodynamics
journal, May 2022

  • Most, Elias R.; Noronha, Jorge; Philippov, Alexander A.
  • Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, Vol. 514, Issue 4
  • DOI: 10.1093/mnras/stac1435