A Hybrid Bulk Algorithm to Predict Turbulent Fluxes over Dry and Wet Bare Soils
Abstract
Measurements made in the Columbia River basin (Oregon) in an area of irregular terrain during the second Wind Forecast Improvement Project (WFIP2) field campaign are used to develop an optimized hybrid bulk algorithm to predict the surface turbulent fluxes from readily measured or modeled quantities over dry and wet bare or lightly vegetated soil surfaces. The hybrid (synthetic) algorithm combines (i) an aerodynamic method for turbulent flow, which is based on the transfer coefficients (drag coefficient and Stanton number), roughness lengths, and Monin–Obukhov similarity; and (ii) a modified Priestley–Taylor (P-T) algorithm with physically based ecophysiological constraints, which is essentially based on the surface energy budget (SEB) equation. Soil heat flux in the latter case was estimated from measurements of soil temperature and soil moisture. In the framework of the hybrid algorithm, bulk estimates of the momentum flux and the sensible heat flux are derived from a traditional aerodynamic approach, whereas the latent heat flux (or moisture flux) is evaluated from a modified P-T model. Direct measurements of the surface fluxes (turbulent and radiative) and other ancillary atmospheric/soil parameters made during WFIP2 for different soil conditions (dry and wet) are used to optimize and tune the hybrid bulk algorithm. The bulkmore »
- Authors:
-
- National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), Boulder, CO (United States). Physical Sciences Laboratory; Univ. of Colorado, Boulder, CO (United States)
- National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), Boulder, CO (United States). Physical Sciences Laboratory
- University of Notre Dame, IN (United States)
- University of Notre Dame, IN (United States); Univ. of Bologna (Italy)
- Publication Date:
- Research Org.:
- National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), Silver Spring, MD (United States). Office of Oceanic and Atmospheric Research
- Sponsoring Org.:
- USDOE Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy (EERE); National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA)
- OSTI Identifier:
- 1980907
- Grant/Contract Number:
- EE0007605; AGS-1565535; AGS-1921554; FOA-0000984; WFIFP2-SUB-001
- Resource Type:
- Accepted Manuscript
- Journal Name:
- Journal of Applied Meteorology and Climatology
- Additional Journal Information:
- Journal Volume: 61; Journal Issue: 4; Journal ID: ISSN 1558-8424
- Publisher:
- American Meteorological Society
- Country of Publication:
- United States
- Language:
- English
- Subject:
- 54 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences; Atmosphere-land interaction; Fluxes; Heat budgets/fluxes; Water vapor; Parameterization
Citation Formats
Grachev, Andrey A., Fairall, Christopher W., Blomquist, Byron W., Fernando, Harindra S., Leo, Laura S., Otárola-Bustos, Sebastián F., Wilczak, James M., and McCaffrey, Katherine L. A Hybrid Bulk Algorithm to Predict Turbulent Fluxes over Dry and Wet Bare Soils. United States: N. p., 2022.
Web. doi:10.1175/jamc-d-20-0232.1.
Grachev, Andrey A., Fairall, Christopher W., Blomquist, Byron W., Fernando, Harindra S., Leo, Laura S., Otárola-Bustos, Sebastián F., Wilczak, James M., & McCaffrey, Katherine L. A Hybrid Bulk Algorithm to Predict Turbulent Fluxes over Dry and Wet Bare Soils. United States. https://doi.org/10.1175/jamc-d-20-0232.1
Grachev, Andrey A., Fairall, Christopher W., Blomquist, Byron W., Fernando, Harindra S., Leo, Laura S., Otárola-Bustos, Sebastián F., Wilczak, James M., and McCaffrey, Katherine L. Fri .
"A Hybrid Bulk Algorithm to Predict Turbulent Fluxes over Dry and Wet Bare Soils". United States. https://doi.org/10.1175/jamc-d-20-0232.1. https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1980907.
@article{osti_1980907,
title = {A Hybrid Bulk Algorithm to Predict Turbulent Fluxes over Dry and Wet Bare Soils},
author = {Grachev, Andrey A. and Fairall, Christopher W. and Blomquist, Byron W. and Fernando, Harindra S. and Leo, Laura S. and Otárola-Bustos, Sebastián F. and Wilczak, James M. and McCaffrey, Katherine L.},
abstractNote = {Measurements made in the Columbia River basin (Oregon) in an area of irregular terrain during the second Wind Forecast Improvement Project (WFIP2) field campaign are used to develop an optimized hybrid bulk algorithm to predict the surface turbulent fluxes from readily measured or modeled quantities over dry and wet bare or lightly vegetated soil surfaces. The hybrid (synthetic) algorithm combines (i) an aerodynamic method for turbulent flow, which is based on the transfer coefficients (drag coefficient and Stanton number), roughness lengths, and Monin–Obukhov similarity; and (ii) a modified Priestley–Taylor (P-T) algorithm with physically based ecophysiological constraints, which is essentially based on the surface energy budget (SEB) equation. Soil heat flux in the latter case was estimated from measurements of soil temperature and soil moisture. In the framework of the hybrid algorithm, bulk estimates of the momentum flux and the sensible heat flux are derived from a traditional aerodynamic approach, whereas the latent heat flux (or moisture flux) is evaluated from a modified P-T model. Direct measurements of the surface fluxes (turbulent and radiative) and other ancillary atmospheric/soil parameters made during WFIP2 for different soil conditions (dry and wet) are used to optimize and tune the hybrid bulk algorithm. The bulk flux estimates are validated against the measured eddy-covariance fluxes. We also discuss the SEB closure over dry and wet surfaces at various time scales based on the modeled and measured fluxes. Although this bulk flux algorithm is optimized for the data collected during the WFIP2, a hybrid approach can be used for similar flux-tower sites and field campaigns.},
doi = {10.1175/jamc-d-20-0232.1},
journal = {Journal of Applied Meteorology and Climatology},
number = 4,
volume = 61,
place = {United States},
year = {Fri Apr 01 00:00:00 EDT 2022},
month = {Fri Apr 01 00:00:00 EDT 2022}
}
Free Publicly Available Full Text
Publisher's Version of Record
Other availability
Search WorldCat to find libraries that may hold this journal
Save to My Library
You must Sign In or Create an Account in order to save documents to your library.
Works referenced in this record:
On the surface energy balance closure at different temporal scales
journal, February 2020
- Grachev, Andrey A.; Fairall, Christopher W.; Blomquist, Byron W.
- Agricultural and Forest Meteorology, Vol. 281
Surface-Layer Scaling for the Convection-Induced Stress Regime
journal, June 1997
- Grachev, A. A.; Fairall, C. W.; Zilitinkevich, S. S.
- Boundary-Layer Meteorology, Vol. 83, Issue 3
The Second Wind Forecast Improvement Project (WFIP2): General Overview
journal, September 2019
- Shaw, William J.; Berg, Larry K.; Cline, Joel
- Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society, Vol. 100, Issue 9
Sonic Anemometer Tilt Correction Algorithms
journal, April 2001
- Wilczak, James M.; Oncley, Steven P.; Stage, Steven A.
- Boundary-Layer Meteorology, Vol. 99, Issue 1
On the Determination of the Neutral Drag Coefficient in the Convective Boundary Layer
journal, February 1998
- Grachev, A. A.; Fairall, C. W.; Larsen, S. E.
- Boundary-Layer Meteorology, Vol. 86, Issue 2
The Persistent Challenge of Surface Heterogeneity in Boundary-Layer Meteorology: A Review
journal, July 2020
- Bou-Zeid, Elie; Anderson, William; Katul, Gabriel G.
- Boundary-Layer Meteorology, Vol. 177, Issue 2-3
MODIS-driven estimation of terrestrial latent heat flux in China based on a modified Priestley–Taylor algorithm
journal, April 2013
- Yao, Yunjun; Liang, Shunlin; Cheng, Jie
- Agricultural and Forest Meteorology, Vol. 171-172
The Priestley–Taylor parameter and the decoupling factor for estimating reference evapotranspiration
journal, October 2004
- Pereira, Antonio Roberto
- Agricultural and Forest Meteorology, Vol. 125, Issue 3-4
The energy balance experiment EBEX-2000. Part II: Intercomparison of eddy-covariance sensors and post-field data processing methods
journal, November 2006
- Mauder, Matthias; Oncley, Steven P.; Vogt, Roland
- Boundary-Layer Meteorology, Vol. 123, Issue 1
Global estimates of the land–atmosphere water flux based on monthly AVHRR and ISLSCP-II data, validated at 16 FLUXNET sites
journal, March 2008
- Fisher, Joshua B.; Tu, Kevin P.; Baldocchi, Dennis D.
- Remote Sensing of Environment, Vol. 112, Issue 3
Surface-layer description under free-convection conditions
journal, April 1993
- Sykes, R. I.; Henn, D. S.; Lewellen, W. S.
- Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society, Vol. 119, Issue 511
Energy balance closure at FLUXNET sites
journal, December 2002
- Wilson, Kell; Goldstein, Allen; Falge, Eva
- Agricultural and Forest Meteorology, Vol. 113, Issue 1-4
Sensitivity analysis for two ground heat flux calculation approaches
journal, October 2005
- Liebethal, Claudia; Huwe, Bernd; Foken, Thomas
- Agricultural and Forest Meteorology, Vol. 132, Issue 3-4
A-posteriori analysis of surface energy budget closure to determine missed energy pathways: ANALYSIS OF SURFACE ENERGY BUDGET
journal, October 2012
- Higgins, Chad W.
- Geophysical Research Letters, Vol. 39, Issue 19
An assessment of storage terms in the surface energy balance of maize and soybean
journal, September 2004
- Meyers, T.
- Agricultural and Forest Meteorology, Vol. 125, Issue 1-2
A Theoretical Basis for the Priestley-Taylor Coefficient
journal, February 1997
- Lhomme, J. -P.
- Boundary-Layer Meteorology, Vol. 82, Issue 2
Hybrid Profile–Gradient Approaches for the Estimation of Surface Fluxes
journal, September 2018
- Basu, Sukanta
- Boundary-Layer Meteorology, Vol. 170, Issue 1
Impact of model improvements on 80 m wind speeds during the second Wind Forecast Improvement Project (WFIP2)
journal, January 2019
- Bianco, Laura; Djalalova, Irina V.; Wilczak, James M.
- Geoscientific Model Development, Vol. 12, Issue 11
Towards Closing the Surface Energy Budget of a Mid-latitude Grassland
journal, July 2007
- Jacobs, Adrie F. G.; Heusinkveld, Bert G.; Holtslag, Albert A. M.
- Boundary-Layer Meteorology, Vol. 126, Issue 1
Analytical treatment of the relationships between soil heat flux/net radiation ratio and vegetation indices
journal, December 1993
- Kustas, William P.; Daughtry, Craig S. T.; Van Oevelen, Peter J.
- Remote Sensing of Environment, Vol. 46, Issue 3
A data-driven analysis of energy balance closure across FLUXNET research sites: The role of landscape scale heterogeneity
journal, April 2013
- Stoy, Paul C.; Mauder, Matthias; Foken, Thomas
- Agricultural and Forest Meteorology, Vol. 171-172
The characteristics of turbulent velocity components in the surface layer under convective conditions
journal, May 1977
- Panofsky, H. A.; Tennekes, H.; Lenschow, D. H.
- Boundary-Layer Meteorology, Vol. 11, Issue 3
On the variability of the Priestley‐Taylor coefficient over water bodies
journal, January 2016
- Assouline, Shmuel; Li, Dan; Tyler, Scott
- Water Resources Research, Vol. 52, Issue 1
A Simple Parameterization of the Surface Fluxes of Sensible and Latent Heat During Daytime Compared with the Penman-Monteith Concept
journal, November 1982
- De Bruin, H. A. R.; Holtslag, A. A. M.
- Journal of Applied Meteorology, Vol. 21, Issue 11
Some aspects of the energy balance closure problem
journal, January 2006
- Foken, T.; Wimmer, F.; Mauder, M.
- Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, Vol. 6, Issue 12
Advances in Air–Sea $$\hbox {CO}_2$$ CO 2 Flux Measurement by Eddy Correlation
journal, April 2014
- Blomquist, Byron W.; Huebert, Barry J.; Fairall, Christopher W.
- Boundary-Layer Meteorology, Vol. 152, Issue 3
A comparison among different modified Priestley and Taylor equations to calculate actual evapotranspiration with MODIS data
journal, March 2011
- Venturini, Virginia; Rodriguez, Leticia; Bisht, Gutam
- International Journal of Remote Sensing, Vol. 32, Issue 5
On the Assessment of Surface Heat Flux and Evaporation Using Large-Scale Parameters
journal, February 1972
- Priestley, C. H. B.; Taylor, R. J.
- Monthly Weather Review, Vol. 100, Issue 2
The Energy Balance Closure Problem: an Overview
journal, September 2008
- Foken, Thomas
- Ecological Applications, Vol. 18, Issue 6
A satellite-based hybrid algorithm to determine the Priestley–Taylor parameter for global terrestrial latent heat flux estimation across multiple biomes
journal, August 2015
- Yao, Yunjun; Liang, Shunlin; Li, Xianglan
- Remote Sensing of Environment, Vol. 165
Evaluation of the surface energy budget equation with experimental data and the ECMWF model in the Ebro Valley
journal, February 2015
- Cuxart, J.; Conangla, L.; Jiménez, M. A.
- Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres, Vol. 120, Issue 3
Bulk parameterization of air-sea fluxes for Tropical Ocean-Global Atmosphere Coupled-Ocean Atmosphere Response Experiment
journal, February 1996
- Fairall, C. W.; Bradley, E. F.; Rogers, D. P.
- Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans, Vol. 101, Issue C2
Revised Coefficients for Priestley-Taylor and Makkink-Hansen Equations for Estimating Daily Reference Evapotranspiration
journal, October 2013
- Cristea, Nicoleta C.; Kampf, Stephanie K.; Burges, Stephen J.
- Journal of Hydrologic Engineering, Vol. 18, Issue 10
Developing a soil water index-based Priestley–Taylor algorithm for estimating evapotranspiration over East Asia and Australia
journal, December 2019
- Hao, Yuefeng; Baik, Jongjin; Choi, Minha
- Agricultural and Forest Meteorology, Vol. 279
Analysis of short-term closure of the surface energy balance above short vegetation
journal, January 2008
- Cava, D.; Contini, D.; Donateo, A.
- Agricultural and Forest Meteorology, Vol. 148, Issue 1
A note on free convection
journal, April 1973
- Businger, J. A.
- Boundary-Layer Meteorology, Vol. 4, Issue 1-4
Minimum friction velocity and heat transfer in the rough surface layer of a convective boundary layer
journal, September 1988
- Schumann, Ulrich
- Boundary-Layer Meteorology, Vol. 44, Issue 4
Determination of oceanic ozone deposition by ship-borne eddy covariance flux measurements
journal, January 2010
- Bariteau, L.; Helmig, D.; Fairall, C. W.
- Atmospheric Measurement Techniques, Vol. 3, Issue 2
Evapotranspiration over Land from a Boundary-Layer Meteorology Perspective
journal, August 2020
- Cuxart, J.; Boone, A. A.
- Boundary-Layer Meteorology, Vol. 177, Issue 2-3
A Parameterization of Evaporation from Bare Soil Surfaces
journal, May 1990
- Kondo, Junsei; Saigusa, Nobuko; Sato, Takeshi
- Journal of Applied Meteorology, Vol. 29, Issue 5
Parameterizing Turbulent Exchange over Sea Ice in Winter
journal, February 2010
- Andreas, Edgar L.; Persson, P. Ola G.; Grachev, Andrey A.
- Journal of Hydrometeorology, Vol. 11, Issue 1
Turbulent fluxes and transfer of trace gases from ship-based measurements during TexAQS 2006
journal, January 2011
- Grachev, Andrey A.; Bariteau, Ludovic; Fairall, Christopher W.
- Journal of Geophysical Research, Vol. 116, Issue D13
The Second Wind Forecast Improvement Project (WFIP2): Observational Field Campaign
journal, September 2019
- Wilczak, James M.; Stoelinga, Mark; Berg, Larry K.
- Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society, Vol. 100, Issue 9
Parametrizing turbulent exchange over summer sea ice and the marginal ice zone
journal, April 2010
- Andreas, Edgar L.; Horst, Thomas W.; Grachev, Andrey A.
- Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society, Vol. 136, Issue 649
A novel approach to evaluate soil heat flux calculation: An analytical review of nine methods: Soil Heat Flux Calculation
journal, July 2017
- Gao, Zhongming; Russell, Eric S.; Missik, Justine E. C.
- Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres, Vol. 122, Issue 13
A Review of Current Methodologies for Regional Evapotranspiration Estimation from Remotely Sensed Data
journal, May 2009
- Li, Zhao-Liang; Tang, Ronglin; Wan, Zhengming
- Sensors, Vol. 9, Issue 5
Sea surface drag coefficients in the Risø Air Sea Experiment
journal, June 1996
- Mahrt, L.; Vickers, Dean; Howell, Jim
- Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans, Vol. 101, Issue C6
Analysing surface energy balance closure and partitioning over a semi-arid savanna FLUXNET site in Skukuza, Kruger National Park, South Africa
journal, January 2017
- Majozi, Nobuhle P.; Mannaerts, Chris M.; Ramoelo, Abel
- Hydrology and Earth System Sciences, Vol. 21, Issue 7
Reflections on the surface energy imbalance problem
journal, April 2012
- Leuning, Ray; van Gorsel, Eva; Massman, William J.
- Agricultural and Forest Meteorology, Vol. 156
Surface-Energy-Balance Closure over Land: A Review
journal, May 2020
- Mauder, Matthias; Foken, Thomas; Cuxart, Joan
- Boundary-Layer Meteorology, Vol. 177, Issue 2-3
The Energy Balance Experiment EBEX-2000. Part I: overview and energy balance
journal, March 2007
- Oncley, Steven P.; Foken, Thomas; Vogt, Roland
- Boundary-Layer Meteorology, Vol. 123, Issue 1
Non-closure of the surface energy balance explained by phase difference between vertical velocity and scalars of large atmospheric eddies
journal, March 2017
- Gao, Zhongming; Liu, Heping; Katul, Gabriel G.
- Environmental Research Letters, Vol. 12, Issue 3
The Surface Energy Balance System (SEBS) for estimation of turbulent heat fluxes
journal, January 2002
- Su, Z.
- Hydrology and Earth System Sciences, Vol. 6, Issue 1
Considerations on minimum friction velocity
journal, April 2003
- Akylas, E.; Tsakos, Y.; Tombrou, M.
- Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society, Vol. 129, Issue 591
Evaluation of six parameterization approaches for the ground heat flux
journal, July 2006
- Liebethal, C.; Foken, T.
- Theoretical and Applied Climatology, Vol. 88, Issue 1-2
The influence of large convective eddies on the surface-layer turbulence
journal, July 2006
- Zilitinkevich, S. S.; Hunt, J. C. R.; Esau, I. N.
- Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society, Vol. 132, Issue 618
Similarity theory based on the Dougherty-Ozmidov length scale: Similarity Theory Based on the Dougherty-Ozmidov Length Scale
journal, December 2014
- Grachev, Andrey A.; Andreas, Edgar L.; Fairall, Christopher W.
- Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society, Vol. 141, Issue 690
Improving Wind Energy Forecasting through Numerical Weather Prediction Model Development
journal, November 2019
- Olson, Joseph B.; Kenyon, Jaymes S.; Djalalova, Irina
- Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society, Vol. 100, Issue 11
Convective Velocity and Temperature Scales for the Unstable Planetary Boundary Layer and for Rayleigh Convection
journal, November 1970
- Deardorff, James W.
- Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences, Vol. 27, Issue 8
Bulk Parameterization of Air–Sea Fluxes: Updates and Verification for the COARE Algorithm
journal, February 2003
- Fairall, C. W.; Bradley, E. F.; Hare, J. E.
- Journal of Climate, Vol. 16, Issue 4
Limitations and improvements of the energy balance closure with reference to experimental data measured over a maize field
journal, October 2014
- Masseroni, Daniele; Corbari, Chiara; Mancini, Marco
- Atmósfera, Vol. 27, Issue 4
A Model for the Priestley-Taylor Parameter α
journal, April 1983
- De Bruin, H. A. R.
- Journal of Climate and Applied Meteorology, Vol. 22, Issue 4
Validation and Application of the Modified Satellite-Based Priestley-Taylor Algorithm for Mapping Terrestrial Evapotranspiration
journal, January 2014
- Yao, Yunjun; Liang, Shunlin; Zhao, Shaohua
- Remote Sensing, Vol. 6, Issue 1