Charged Domain Wall and Polar Vortex Topologies in a Room-Temperature Magnetoelectric Multiferroic Thin Film

Moore, Kalani; O’Connell, Eoghan N.; Griffin, Sinéad M.; Downing, Clive; Colfer, Louise; Schmidt, Michael; Nicolosi, Valeria; Bangert, Ursel; Keeney, Lynette; Conroy, Michele

doi:10.1021/acsami.1c17383

Title: Charged Domain Wall and Polar Vortex Topologies in a Room-Temperature Magnetoelectric Multiferroic Thin Film

Abstract

Multiferroic topologies are an emerging solution for future low-power magnetic nanoelectronics due to their combined tuneable functionality and mobility. Here, we show that in addition to being magnetoelectric multiferroic at room temperature, thin-film Aurivillius phase Bi₆Ti_xFe_yMn_zO₁₈ is an ideal material platform for both domain wall and vortex topologybased nanoelectronic devices. Utilizing atomic-resolution electron microscopy, we reveal the presence and structure of 180°-type charged head-to-head and tail-to-tail domain walls passing throughout the thin film. Theoretical calculations confirm the subunit cell cation site preference and charged domain wall energetics for Bi₆Ti_xFe_yMn_zO₁₈. Finally, we show that polar vortex-type topologies also form at out-of-phase boundaries of stacking faults when internal strain and electrostatic energy gradients are altered. This study could pave the way for controlled polar vortex topology formation via strain engineering in other multiferroic thin films. Moreover, these results confirm that the subunit cell topological features play an important role in controlling the charge and spin state of Aurivillius phase films and other multiferroic heterostructures.

Authors:

^[1]; O’Connell, Eoghan N. ^[1]; Griffin, Sinéad M. ^[2]; Downing, Clive ^[3]; Colfer, Louise ^[4]; Schmidt, Michael ^[4];

^[5]; Bangert, Ursel ^[1];

^[4];

^[6]

Department of Physics, Bernal Institute, School of Natural Sciences, University of Limerick, Limerick V94 T9PX, Ireland
Materials Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States, Molecular Foundry, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
Advanced Microscopy Laboratory & AMBER, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin D02 PN40, Ireland
Tyndall National Institute, University College Cork, Cork T12 R5CP, Ireland
Advanced Microscopy Laboratory & AMBER, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin D02 PN40, Ireland, School of Chemistry, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin D02 PN40, Ireland
Department of Physics, Bernal Institute, School of Natural Sciences, University of Limerick, Limerick V94 T9PX, Ireland, Department of Materials, Imperial College London, Exhibition Road, London SW7 2AZ, U.K., London Centre for Nanotechnology, Imperial College London, Exhibition Road, London SW7 2AZ, U.K.

Publication Date:: Wed Jan 19 00:00:00 EST 2022

Research Org.:: Imperial College, London (United Kingdom)

Sponsoring Org.:: USDOE Office of Science (SC), Basic Energy Sciences (BES)

OSTI Identifier:: 1841031

Alternate Identifier(s):: OSTI ID: 1843774

Grant/Contract Number:: AC02-05CH11231; USI 120

Resource Type:: Published Article

Journal Name:: ACS Applied Materials and Interfaces

Additional Journal Information:: Journal Name: ACS Applied Materials and Interfaces Journal Volume: 14 Journal Issue: 4; Journal ID: ISSN 1944-8244

Publisher:: American Chemical Society

Country of Publication:: United States

Language:: English

Subject:: 36 MATERIALS SCIENCE; multiferroic; polar; domain walls; topologies; vorte; , thin film; layers; magnetic properties; transition metals; polarization; perovskites

Citation Formats


                    Moore, Kalani, O’Connell, Eoghan N., Griffin, Sinéad M., Downing, Clive, Colfer, Louise, Schmidt, Michael, Nicolosi, Valeria, Bangert, Ursel, Keeney, Lynette, and Conroy, Michele. Charged Domain Wall and Polar Vortex Topologies in a Room-Temperature Magnetoelectric Multiferroic Thin Film.  United States: N. p., 2022. 
Web.  doi:10.1021/acsami.1c17383.

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                    Moore, Kalani, O’Connell, Eoghan N., Griffin, Sinéad M., Downing, Clive, Colfer, Louise, Schmidt, Michael, Nicolosi, Valeria, Bangert, Ursel, Keeney, Lynette, & Conroy, Michele. Charged Domain Wall and Polar Vortex Topologies in a Room-Temperature Magnetoelectric Multiferroic Thin Film.  United States.  https://doi.org/10.1021/acsami.1c17383

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                    Moore, Kalani, O’Connell, Eoghan N., Griffin, Sinéad M., Downing, Clive, Colfer, Louise, Schmidt, Michael, Nicolosi, Valeria, Bangert, Ursel, Keeney, Lynette, and Conroy, Michele. Wed .  
"Charged Domain Wall and Polar Vortex Topologies in a Room-Temperature Magnetoelectric Multiferroic Thin Film".  United States.  https://doi.org/10.1021/acsami.1c17383.

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@article{osti_1841031,

  title        = {Charged Domain Wall and Polar Vortex Topologies in a Room-Temperature Magnetoelectric Multiferroic Thin Film},

  author       = {Moore, Kalani and O’Connell, Eoghan N. and Griffin, Sinéad M. and Downing, Clive and Colfer, Louise and Schmidt, Michael and Nicolosi, Valeria and Bangert, Ursel and Keeney, Lynette and Conroy, Michele},

  abstractNote = {Multiferroic topologies are an emerging solution for future low-power magnetic nanoelectronics due to their combined tuneable functionality and mobility. Here, we show that in addition to being magnetoelectric multiferroic at room temperature, thin-film Aurivillius phase Bi6TixFeyMnzO18 is an ideal material platform for both domain wall and vortex topologybased nanoelectronic devices. Utilizing atomic-resolution electron microscopy, we reveal the presence and structure of 180°-type charged head-to-head and tail-to-tail domain walls passing throughout the thin film. Theoretical calculations confirm the subunit cell cation site preference and charged domain wall energetics for Bi6TixFeyMnzO18. Finally, we show that polar vortex-type topologies also form at out-of-phase boundaries of stacking faults when internal strain and electrostatic energy gradients are altered. This study could pave the way for controlled polar vortex topology formation via strain engineering in other multiferroic thin films. Moreover, these results confirm that the subunit cell topological features play an important role in controlling the charge and spin state of Aurivillius phase films and other multiferroic heterostructures.},

  doi          = {10.1021/acsami.1c17383},

  journal      = {ACS Applied Materials and Interfaces},

  number       = 4,

  volume       = 14,

  place        = {United States},

  year         = {Wed Jan 19 00:00:00 EST 2022},

  month        = {Wed Jan 19 00:00:00 EST 2022}

}

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Title: Charged Domain Wall and Polar Vortex Topologies in a Room-Temperature Magnetoelectric Multiferroic Thin Film

Abstract

Citation Formats

Generalized Gradient Approximation Made Simple journal, October 1996

Bismuth titanate solid solutions journal, October 1972

Strain dependence of polarization and piezoelectric response in epitaxial BiFeO 3 thin films journal, March 2012

Evolution of structure and ferroelectricity in Aurivillius Bi 4 Bi n−3 Fe n−3 Ti 3 O 3n+3 thin films journal, January 2018

Direct visualization of magnetic-field-induced magnetoelectric switching in multiferroic aurivillius phase thin films journal, November 2016

Theoretical guidelines to create and tune electric skyrmion bubbles journal, February 2019

Projector augmented-wave method journal, December 1994

Advances in magnetoelectric multiferroics journal, February 2019

Thermoelectric power of La 1 − x Ca x MnO 3 + δ : Inadequacy of the nominal Mn 3 + / 4 + valence approach journal, May 1997

STRUCTURAL CHARACTERIZATION OF Bi 6 Ti 3 Fe 2 O 18 OBTAINED BY MOLTEN SALT SYNTHESIS journal, November 2006

Flexoelectricity and ferroelectric domain wall structures: Phase-field modeling and DFT calculations journal, May 2014

Why Are There so Few Magnetic Ferroelectrics? journal, July 2000

Vortex Domain Walls in Ferroelectrics journal, April 2021

Lanthanum-substituted bismuth titanate for use in non-volatile memories journal, October 1999

Electron-energy-loss spectra and the structural stability of nickel oxide: An LSDA+U study journal, January 1998

Morphology, structure, and nucleation of out-of-phase boundaries (OPBs) in epitaxial films of layered oxides journal, June 2007

Novel Aurivillius Bi 4 Ti 3−2x Nb x Fe x O 12 phases with increasing magnetic-cation fraction until percolation: a novel approach for room temperature multiferroism journal, January 2020

Robust In‐Plane Ferroelectricity in Ultrathin Epitaxial Aurivillius Films journal, May 2020

Ni doping dependent dielectric, leakage, ferroelectric and magnetic properties in Bi7Fe3−xNixTi3O21 thin films journal, May 2018

Structural Behavior of the Four-Layer Aurivillius-Phase Ferroelectrics SrBi4Ti4O15 and Bi5Ti3FeO15 journal, March 2002

Direct atomic scale determination of magnetic ion partition in a room temperature multiferroic material journal, May 2017

Potentially multiferroic Aurivillius phase Bi 5 FeTi 3 O 15 : Cation site preference, electric polarization, and magnetic coupling from first principles journal, December 2014

Stability of layered bismuth compounds in relation to the structural mismatch journal, December 1979

TopoTEM: A Python Package for Quantifying and Visualizing Scanning Transmission Electron Microscopy Data of Polar Topologies journal, August 2022

Absence of Evidence ≠ Evidence of Absence: Statistical Analysis of Inclusions in Multiferroic Thin Films journal, July 2014

Multiferroic memories journal, March 2007

Physics and applications of charged domain walls journal, November 2018

Exploring ferroelectric and magnetic properties of Tb-substituted m = 5 layered Aurivillius phase thin films journal, March 2018

Enhanced electric conductivity at ferroelectric vortex cores in BiFeO3 journal, November 2011

Real-space imaging of non-collinear antiferromagnetic order with a single-spin magnetometer journal, September 2017

Weak magnetism of Aurivillius-type multiferroic thin films probed by polarized neutron reflectivity journal, April 2018

Epitaxial BiFeO3 Multiferroic Thin Film Heterostructures journal, March 2003

Multiferroic heterostructures for spintronics journal, May 2020

Fatigue‐Free Aurivillius Phase Ferroelectric Thin Films with Ultrahigh Energy Storage Performance journal, June 2020

Multiferroic tunnel junctions journal, August 2012

Spontaneous Vortex Nanodomain Arrays at Ferroelectric Heterointerfaces journal, February 2011

Controlled Growth and Atomic-Scale Mapping of Charged Heterointerfaces in PbTiO 3 /BiFeO 3 Bilayers journal, July 2017

Manipulating topological transformations of polar structures through real-time observation of the dynamic polarization evolution journal, October 2019

STEM_CELL: A software tool for electron microscopy: Part I—simulations journal, February 2013

Highly charged 180 degree head-to-head domain walls in lead titanate journal, December 2020

Designing switchable polarization and magnetization at room temperature in an oxide journal, September 2015

Orientation dependence of ferroelectricity in pulsed-laser-deposited epitaxial bismuth-layered perovskite thin films journal, March 2000

Ferroelectric Transitions at Ferroelectric Domain Walls Found from First Principles journal, June 2014

Synthesis, structure and characterisation of the n=4 Aurivillius phase Bi5Ti3CrO15 journal, February 2011

Efficient iterative schemes for ab initio total-energy calculations using a plane-wave basis set journal, October 1996

Landau theory of domain wall magnetoelectricity journal, June 2010

Aberration corrected STEM techniques to investigate polarization in ferroelectric domain walls and vortices journal, February 2021

Review and Perspectives of Aurivillius Structures as a Lead-Free Piezoelectric System journal, January 2018

Strain-controlled oxygen vacancy formation and ordering in CaMnO 3 journal, August 2013

Domain-wall conduction in ferroelectric BiFeO3 controlled by accumulation of charged defects journal, November 2016

Atomap: a new software tool for the automated analysis of atomic resolution images using two-dimensional Gaussian fitting journal, February 2017

Buried In-Plane Ferroelectric Domains in Fe-Doped Single-Crystalline Aurivillius Thin Films journal, May 2019

Structural basis of ferroelectricity in the bismuth titanate family journal, October 1971

Crystal Chemistry and Magnetic Properties of Gd-Substituted Aurivillius-Type Bi 5 FeTi 3 O 15 Ceramics journal, June 2018

Domain wall nanoelectronics journal, February 2012

Local conductivity and the role of vacancies around twin walls of (001)−BiFeO 3 thin films journal, September 2012

Fatigue-free ferroelectric capacitors with platinum electrodes journal, April 1995

Multiferroics beyond electric-field control of magnetism journal, January 2020

Magnetic Field-Induced Ferroelectric Switching in Multiferroic Aurivillius Phase Thin Films at Room Temperature journal, July 2013

Order parameter coupling and chirality of domain walls journal, July 1991

Jahn-Teller Phenomena in Solids journal, August 1998

A Variable-Temperature Powder Neutron Diffraction Study of Ferroelectric Bi 4 Ti 3 O 12 journal, November 1999

Theory of the Role of Covalence in the Perovskite-Type Manganites [ La , M ( II ) ] Mn O 3 journal, October 1955

Generalized Gradient Approximation Made Simple
journal, October 1996

Bismuth titanate solid solutions
journal, October 1972

Strain dependence of polarization and piezoelectric response in epitaxial BiFeO ₃ thin films
journal, March 2012

Evolution of structure and ferroelectricity in Aurivillius Bi ₄ Bi _n−3 Fe _n−3 Ti ₃ O _3n+3 thin films
journal, January 2018

Direct visualization of magnetic-field-induced magnetoelectric switching in multiferroic aurivillius phase thin films
journal, November 2016

Theoretical guidelines to create and tune electric skyrmion bubbles
journal, February 2019

Projector augmented-wave method
journal, December 1994

Advances in magnetoelectric multiferroics
journal, February 2019

Thermoelectric power of ${La}_{1 - x}$ ${Ca}_{x}$ ${MnO}_{3 + δ}$ : Inadequacy of the nominal ${Mn}^{3 + / 4 +}$ valence approach
journal, May 1997

STRUCTURAL CHARACTERIZATION OF Bi ₆ Ti ₃ Fe ₂ O ₁₈ OBTAINED BY MOLTEN SALT SYNTHESIS
journal, November 2006

Flexoelectricity and ferroelectric domain wall structures: Phase-field modeling and DFT calculations
journal, May 2014

Why Are There so Few Magnetic Ferroelectrics?
journal, July 2000

Vortex Domain Walls in Ferroelectrics
journal, April 2021

Lanthanum-substituted bismuth titanate for use in non-volatile memories
journal, October 1999

Electron-energy-loss spectra and the structural stability of nickel oxide: An LSDA+U study
journal, January 1998

Morphology, structure, and nucleation of out-of-phase boundaries (OPBs) in epitaxial films of layered oxides
journal, June 2007

Novel Aurivillius Bi ₄ Ti _3−2x Nb _x Fe _x O ₁₂ phases with increasing magnetic-cation fraction until percolation: a novel approach for room temperature multiferroism
journal, January 2020

Robust In‐Plane Ferroelectricity in Ultrathin Epitaxial Aurivillius Films
journal, May 2020

Ni doping dependent dielectric, leakage, ferroelectric and magnetic properties in Bi7Fe3−xNixTi3O21 thin films
journal, May 2018

Structural Behavior of the Four-Layer Aurivillius-Phase Ferroelectrics SrBi4Ti4O15 and Bi5Ti3FeO15
journal, March 2002

Direct atomic scale determination of magnetic ion partition in a room temperature multiferroic material
journal, May 2017

Potentially multiferroic Aurivillius phase ${Bi}_{5} {FeTi}_{3} O_{15}$ : Cation site preference, electric polarization, and magnetic coupling from first principles
journal, December 2014

Stability of layered bismuth compounds in relation to the structural mismatch
journal, December 1979

TopoTEM: A Python Package for Quantifying and Visualizing Scanning Transmission Electron Microscopy Data of Polar Topologies
journal, August 2022

Absence of Evidence ≠ Evidence of Absence: Statistical Analysis of Inclusions in Multiferroic Thin Films
journal, July 2014

Multiferroic memories
journal, March 2007

Physics and applications of charged domain walls
journal, November 2018

Exploring ferroelectric and magnetic properties of Tb-substituted m = 5 layered Aurivillius phase thin films
journal, March 2018

Enhanced electric conductivity at ferroelectric vortex cores in BiFeO3
journal, November 2011

Real-space imaging of non-collinear antiferromagnetic order with a single-spin magnetometer
journal, September 2017

Weak magnetism of Aurivillius-type multiferroic thin films probed by polarized neutron reflectivity
journal, April 2018

Epitaxial BiFeO₃ Multiferroic Thin Film Heterostructures
journal, March 2003

Multiferroic heterostructures for spintronics
journal, May 2020

Fatigue‐Free Aurivillius Phase Ferroelectric Thin Films with Ultrahigh Energy Storage Performance
journal, June 2020

Multiferroic tunnel junctions
journal, August 2012

Spontaneous Vortex Nanodomain Arrays at Ferroelectric Heterointerfaces
journal, February 2011

Controlled Growth and Atomic-Scale Mapping of Charged Heterointerfaces in PbTiO ₃ /BiFeO ₃ Bilayers
journal, July 2017

Manipulating topological transformations of polar structures through real-time observation of the dynamic polarization evolution
journal, October 2019

STEM_CELL: A software tool for electron microscopy: Part I—simulations
journal, February 2013

Highly charged 180 degree head-to-head domain walls in lead titanate
journal, December 2020

Designing switchable polarization and magnetization at room temperature in an oxide
journal, September 2015

Orientation dependence of ferroelectricity in pulsed-laser-deposited epitaxial bismuth-layered perovskite thin films
journal, March 2000

Ferroelectric Transitions at Ferroelectric Domain Walls Found from First Principles
journal, June 2014

Synthesis, structure and characterisation of the n=4 Aurivillius phase Bi5Ti3CrO15
journal, February 2011

Efficient iterative schemes for ab initio total-energy calculations using a plane-wave basis set
journal, October 1996

Landau theory of domain wall magnetoelectricity
journal, June 2010

Aberration corrected STEM techniques to investigate polarization in ferroelectric domain walls and vortices
journal, February 2021

Review and Perspectives of Aurivillius Structures as a Lead-Free Piezoelectric System
journal, January 2018

Strain-controlled oxygen vacancy formation and ordering in CaMnO $_{3}$
journal, August 2013

Domain-wall conduction in ferroelectric BiFeO3 controlled by accumulation of charged defects
journal, November 2016

Atomap: a new software tool for the automated analysis of atomic resolution images using two-dimensional Gaussian fitting
journal, February 2017

Buried In-Plane Ferroelectric Domains in Fe-Doped Single-Crystalline Aurivillius Thin Films
journal, May 2019

Structural basis of ferroelectricity in the bismuth titanate family
journal, October 1971

Crystal Chemistry and Magnetic Properties of Gd-Substituted Aurivillius-Type Bi ₅ FeTi ₃ O ₁₅ Ceramics
journal, June 2018

Domain wall nanoelectronics
journal, February 2012

Local conductivity and the role of vacancies around twin walls of (001)−BiFeO ₃ thin films
journal, September 2012

Fatigue-free ferroelectric capacitors with platinum electrodes
journal, April 1995

Multiferroics beyond electric-field control of magnetism
journal, January 2020

Magnetic Field-Induced Ferroelectric Switching in Multiferroic Aurivillius Phase Thin Films at Room Temperature
journal, July 2013

Order parameter coupling and chirality of domain walls
journal, July 1991

Jahn-Teller Phenomena in Solids
journal, August 1998

A Variable-Temperature Powder Neutron Diffraction Study of Ferroelectric Bi ₄ Ti ₃ O ₁₂
journal, November 1999

Theory of the Role of Covalence in the Perovskite-Type Manganites $[La, M (II)] Mn O_{3}$
journal, October 1955