A study of DC electrical breakdown in liquid helium through analysis of the empirical breakdown field distributions

Phan, N. S.; Wei, W.; Beaumont, B.; Bouman, N.; Clayton, S. M.; Currie, S. A.; Ito, T. M.; Ramsey, J. C.; Seidel, G. M.

doi:10.1063/5.0037888

Title: A study of DC electrical breakdown in liquid helium through analysis of the empirical breakdown field distributions

Abstract

We report results from a study on electrical breakdown in liquid helium using near-uniform-field stainless steel electrodes with a stressed area of ∼0.7cm2. The distribution of the breakdown field is obtained for temperatures between 1.7 K and 4.0 K, pressures between the saturated vapor pressure and 626 Torr, and with electrodes of different surface polishes. A data-based approach for determining the electrode-surface-area scaling of the breakdown field is presented. The dependence of the breakdown probability on the field strength as extracted from the breakdown field distribution data is used to show that breakdown is a surface phenomenon closely correlated with Fowler–Nordheim field emission from asperities on the cathode. We show that the results from this analysis provide an explanation for the supposed electrode gap-size effect and also allow for a determination of the breakdown-field distribution for arbitrary shaped electrodes. Most importantly, the analysis method presented in this work can be extended to other noble liquids to explore the dependencies for electrical breakdown in those media.

Authors:

;

; Beaumont, B.;

;

Publication Date:: Mon Feb 22 00:00:00 EST 2021

Sponsoring Org.:: USDOE

OSTI Identifier:: 1766817

Grant/Contract Number:: AC52-06NA25396; 89233218CNA000001; FG02-ER41042; AC05- 00OR22725; 4000129433

Resource Type:: Publisher's Accepted Manuscript

Journal Name:: Journal of Applied Physics

Additional Journal Information:: Journal Name: Journal of Applied Physics Journal Volume: 129 Journal Issue: 8; Journal ID: ISSN 0021-8979

Publisher:: American Institute of Physics

Country of Publication:: United States

Language:: English

Citation Formats


                    Phan, N. S., Wei, W., Beaumont, B., Bouman, N., Clayton, S. M., Currie, S. A., Ito, T. M., Ramsey, J. C., and Seidel, G. M. A study of DC electrical breakdown in liquid helium through analysis of the empirical breakdown field distributions.  United States: N. p., 2021. 
Web.  doi:10.1063/5.0037888.

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                    Phan, N. S., Wei, W., Beaumont, B., Bouman, N., Clayton, S. M., Currie, S. A., Ito, T. M., Ramsey, J. C., & Seidel, G. M. A study of DC electrical breakdown in liquid helium through analysis of the empirical breakdown field distributions.  United States.  https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0037888

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                    Phan, N. S., Wei, W., Beaumont, B., Bouman, N., Clayton, S. M., Currie, S. A., Ito, T. M., Ramsey, J. C., and Seidel, G. M. Mon .  
"A study of DC electrical breakdown in liquid helium through analysis of the empirical breakdown field distributions".  United States.  https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0037888.

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@article{osti_1766817,

  title        = {A study of DC electrical breakdown in liquid helium through analysis of the empirical breakdown field distributions},

  author       = {Phan, N. S. and Wei, W. and Beaumont, B. and Bouman, N. and Clayton, S. M. and Currie, S. A. and Ito, T. M. and Ramsey, J. C. and Seidel, G. M.},

  abstractNote = {We report results from a study on electrical breakdown in liquid helium using near-uniform-field stainless steel electrodes with a stressed area of ∼0.7cm2. The distribution of the breakdown field is obtained for temperatures between 1.7 K and 4.0 K, pressures between the saturated vapor pressure and 626 Torr, and with electrodes of different surface polishes. A data-based approach for determining the electrode-surface-area scaling of the breakdown field is presented. The dependence of the breakdown probability on the field strength as extracted from the breakdown field distribution data is used to show that breakdown is a surface phenomenon closely correlated with Fowler–Nordheim field emission from asperities on the cathode. We show that the results from this analysis provide an explanation for the supposed electrode gap-size effect and also allow for a determination of the breakdown-field distribution for arbitrary shaped electrodes. Most importantly, the analysis method presented in this work can be extended to other noble liquids to explore the dependencies for electrical breakdown in those media.},

  doi          = {10.1063/5.0037888},

  journal      = {Journal of Applied Physics},

  number       = 8,

  volume       = 129,

  place        = {United States},

  year         = {Mon Feb 22 00:00:00 EST 2021},

  month        = {Mon Feb 22 00:00:00 EST 2021}

}

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Title: A study of DC electrical breakdown in liquid helium through analysis of the empirical breakdown field distributions

Abstract

Citation Formats

Concept for a dark matter detector using liquid helium-4 journal, June 2013

Experimental Measurement of the Total-Energy Distribution of Field-Emitted Electrons journal, January 1959

Formation of vapor bubbles in nonpolar liquids initiated by current pulses journal, January 1991

Advances in Cryogenic Engineering January 1969

Testing for Serial Correlation in Least Squares Regression: I journal, December 1950

CryoEDM: A cryogenic experiment to measure the neutron electric dipole moment journal, December 2009

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Electron Emission in Intense Electric Fields journal, May 1928

The effect of oxide surface layers on the breakdown voltage in metal-vacuum-metal sandwiches journal, January 1976

Generation, growth, and collapse of vapor bubbles in hydrocarbon liquids under a high divergent electric field journal, November 1989

A Statistical Distribution Function of Wide Applicability journal, September 1951

Nonparametric Estimation from Incomplete Observations journal, June 1958

Theoretical Total-Energy Distribution of Field-Emitted Electrons journal, January 1959

The electric field distribution associated with prebreakdown phenomena in nitrobenzene journal, January 1981

Liquid argon dielectric breakdown studies with the MicroBooNE purification system journal, November 2014

Direct comparison of high voltage breakdown measurements in liquid argon and liquid xenon journal, December 2019

Nonparametric Inference for a Family of Counting Processes journal, July 1978

Neutron electric-dipole moment, ultracold neutrons and polarized 3He journal, February 1994

Stochastic model of breakdown initiation in dielectric liquids journal, November 2002

Electronic transport coefficients and electric breakdown in condensed helium journal, November 2015

Dielectric Properties of Cryogenic Liquids journal, April 1967

Density dependence of the electron surface barrier for fluid He 3 and He 4 journal, October 1976

Gap size effect on liquid helium breakdown journal, January 1994

Electron multiplication coefficients in liquid rare gases journal, March 1993

Evaluation of niobium as candidate electrode material for dc high voltage photoelectron guns journal, August 2012

Dielectric Breakdown of Liquid Helium journal, July 1960

On a measure of lack of fit in time series models journal, August 1978

Dielectric breakdown of gaseous helium at very low temperatures journal, April 1970

Influence of the electrode surface condition on the breakdown of liquid helium journal, September 1981

Effects of Static-Field Penetration and Atomic Polarization on the Capacity of a Capacitor, Field Evaporation, and Field Ionization Processes journal, May 1969

Dielectric breakdown of cryogenic liquids in terms of pressure, polarity, pulse width and impurity journal, April 1982

Properties of cryogenic insulants journal, November 1998

Pressurised-helium breakdown at very low temperatures journal, January 1972

A new cryogenic apparatus to search for the neutron electric dipole moment journal, November 2019

Experimental study of electric breakdowns in liquid argon at centimeter scale journal, April 2014

Field Emission in Liquids journal, August 1969

The Observed Properties of Liquid Helium at the Saturated Vapor Pressure journal, November 1998

Scintillation of liquid helium for low-energy nuclear recoils journal, August 2013

Hazard Plotting for Incomplete Failure Data journal, January 1969

Progress in the understanding of electrical breakdown in condensed matter journal, December 1990

A model study of the role of workfunction variations in cold field emission from microstructures with inclusion of field enhancements journal, September 2015

Weibull statistical analysis of area and volume effects on the breakdown strength in liquid nitrogen journal, June 1995

Effect of electrode surface roughness on electrical breakdown in high voltage apparatus journal, February 2005

Breakdown phenomena in liquid helium journal, April 1989

Light dark matter in superfluid helium: Detection with multi-excitation production journal, March 2017

Insulation performance of pressurized liquid helium under quench-induced thermal bubble disturbance for superconducting power apparatus journal, June 1999

Cavallo's multiplier for in situ generation of high voltage journal, May 2018

Effect of an electric field on liquid helium scintillation produced by fast electrons journal, September 2020

Effect of an electric field on superfluid helium scintillation produced by α -particle sources journal, April 2012

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An apparatus for studying electrical breakdown in liquid helium at 0.4 K and testing electrode materials for the neutron electric dipole moment experiment at the Spallation Neutron Source journal, April 2016

Electrical breakdown of liquid helium journal, August 1966

Theory and Applications of Hazard Plotting for Censored Failure Data journal, November 1972

Concept for a dark matter detector using liquid helium-4
journal, June 2013

Experimental Measurement of the Total-Energy Distribution of Field-Emitted Electrons
journal, January 1959

Formation of vapor bubbles in nonpolar liquids initiated by current pulses
journal, January 1991

Advances in Cryogenic Engineering
January 1969

Testing for Serial Correlation in Least Squares Regression: I
journal, December 1950

CryoEDM: A cryogenic experiment to measure the neutron electric dipole moment
journal, December 2009

Plans for a Neutron EDM Experiment at SNS
journal, May 2007

Electron Emission in Intense Electric Fields
journal, May 1928

The effect of oxide surface layers on the breakdown voltage in metal-vacuum-metal sandwiches
journal, January 1976

Generation, growth, and collapse of vapor bubbles in hydrocarbon liquids under a high divergent electric field
journal, November 1989

A Statistical Distribution Function of Wide Applicability
journal, September 1951

Nonparametric Estimation from Incomplete Observations
journal, June 1958

Theoretical Total-Energy Distribution of Field-Emitted Electrons
journal, January 1959

The electric field distribution associated with prebreakdown phenomena in nitrobenzene
journal, January 1981

Liquid argon dielectric breakdown studies with the MicroBooNE purification system
journal, November 2014

Direct comparison of high voltage breakdown measurements in liquid argon and liquid xenon
journal, December 2019

Nonparametric Inference for a Family of Counting Processes
journal, July 1978

Neutron electric-dipole moment, ultracold neutrons and polarized 3He
journal, February 1994

Stochastic model of breakdown initiation in dielectric liquids
journal, November 2002

Electronic transport coefficients and electric breakdown in condensed helium
journal, November 2015

Dielectric Properties of Cryogenic Liquids
journal, April 1967

Density dependence of the electron surface barrier for fluid ${}^{3}{He}$ and ${}^{4}{He}$
journal, October 1976

Gap size effect on liquid helium breakdown
journal, January 1994

Electron multiplication coefficients in liquid rare gases
journal, March 1993

Evaluation of niobium as candidate electrode material for dc high voltage photoelectron guns
journal, August 2012

Dielectric Breakdown of Liquid Helium
journal, July 1960

On a measure of lack of fit in time series models
journal, August 1978

Dielectric breakdown of gaseous helium at very low temperatures
journal, April 1970

Influence of the electrode surface condition on the breakdown of liquid helium
journal, September 1981

Effects of Static-Field Penetration and Atomic Polarization on the Capacity of a Capacitor, Field Evaporation, and Field Ionization Processes
journal, May 1969

Dielectric breakdown of cryogenic liquids in terms of pressure, polarity, pulse width and impurity
journal, April 1982

Properties of cryogenic insulants
journal, November 1998

Pressurised-helium breakdown at very low temperatures
journal, January 1972

A new cryogenic apparatus to search for the neutron electric dipole moment
journal, November 2019

Experimental study of electric breakdowns in liquid argon at centimeter scale
journal, April 2014

Field Emission in Liquids
journal, August 1969

The Observed Properties of Liquid Helium at the Saturated Vapor Pressure
journal, November 1998

Scintillation of liquid helium for low-energy nuclear recoils
journal, August 2013

Hazard Plotting for Incomplete Failure Data
journal, January 1969

Progress in the understanding of electrical breakdown in condensed matter
journal, December 1990

A model study of the role of workfunction variations in cold field emission from microstructures with inclusion of field enhancements
journal, September 2015

Weibull statistical analysis of area and volume effects on the breakdown strength in liquid nitrogen
journal, June 1995

Effect of electrode surface roughness on electrical breakdown in high voltage apparatus
journal, February 2005

Breakdown phenomena in liquid helium
journal, April 1989

Light dark matter in superfluid helium: Detection with multi-excitation production
journal, March 2017

Insulation performance of pressurized liquid helium under quench-induced thermal bubble disturbance for superconducting power apparatus
journal, June 1999

Cavallo's multiplier for in situ generation of high voltage
journal, May 2018

Effect of an electric field on liquid helium scintillation produced by fast electrons
journal, September 2020

Effect of an electric field on superfluid helium scintillation produced by $α$ -particle sources
journal, April 2012

Dielectric breakdown of helium at low temperatures
journal, October 1972

An apparatus for studying electrical breakdown in liquid helium at 0.4 K and testing electrode materials for the neutron electric dipole moment experiment at the Spallation Neutron Source
journal, April 2016

Electrical breakdown of liquid helium
journal, August 1966

Theory and Applications of Hazard Plotting for Censored Failure Data
journal, November 1972