Millisecond Pulsar Origin of the Galactic Center Excess and Extended Gamma-Ray Emission from Andromeda: A Closer Look

Eckner, Christopher; Hou, Xian; Serpico, Pasquale D.; Winter, Miles; Zaharijas, Gabrijela; Martin, Pierrick; Mauro, Mattia di; Mirabal, Nestor; Petrovic, Jovana; Prodanovic, Tijana; Vandenbroucke, Justin

doi:10.3847/1538-4357/aac029

Title: Millisecond Pulsar Origin of the Galactic Center Excess and Extended Gamma-Ray Emission from Andromeda: A Closer Look

Abstract

A new measurement of a spatially extended gamma-ray signal from the center of the Andromeda galaxy (M31) has recently been published by the Fermi-LAT collaboration, reporting that the emission broadly resembles the so-called Galactic center excess (GCE) of the Milky Way (MW). The weight of the evidence is steadily accumulating on a millisecond pulsar (MSPs) origin for the GCE. These elements prompt us to compare these observations with what is, perhaps, the simplest model for an MSP population, which is solely obtained by rescaling of the MSP luminosity function that is determined in the local MW disk via the respective stellar mass of the systems. Remarkably, we find that without free fitting parameters, this model can account for both the energetics and the morphology of the GCE within uncertainties. For M31, the estimated luminosity due to primordial MSPs is expected to only contribute about a quarter of the detected emission, although a stronger contribution cannot be excluded given the large uncertainties. If correct, the model predicts that the M31 disk emission due to MSPs is not far below the present upper bound. We also discuss additional refinements of this simple model. Using the correlation between globular cluster gamma-ray luminosity andmore »« less

Authors:

Eckner, Christopher ^[1];

^[2]; Serpico, Pasquale D. ^[3];

^[4]; Zaharijas, Gabrijela ^[5]; Martin, Pierrick ^[6]; Mauro, Mattia di ^[7];

^[8]; Petrovic, Jovana ^[9];

^[9];

^[3]

Univ. of Nova Gorica, Nova Gorica (Slovenia)
Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming (People's Republic of China); Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing (People's Republic of China)
Univ. Savoie Mont Blanc & CNRS, Annecy Cedex (France)
Univ. of Wisconsin, Madison, WI (United States)
Univ. of Nova Gorica, Nova Gorica (Slovenia); Instituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare - Sezione Trieste, Trieste (Italy)
Univ. Paul Sabatier, Toulouse Cedex (France)
Stanford Univ., Stanford, CA (United States)
Univ. of Maryland Baltimore County (UMBC), Baltimore, MD (United States); NASA Goddard Space Flight Center (GSFC), Greenbelt, MD (United States)
Univ. of Novi Sad, Novi Sad (Serbia)

Publication Date:: Wed Jul 25 00:00:00 EDT 2018

Research Org.:: SLAC National Accelerator Lab., Menlo Park, CA (United States)

Sponsoring Org.:: USDOE

OSTI Identifier:: 1468959

Grant/Contract Number:: AC02-76SF00515

Resource Type:: Accepted Manuscript

Journal Name:: The Astrophysical Journal (Online)

Additional Journal Information:: Journal Name: The Astrophysical Journal (Online); Journal Volume: 862; Journal Issue: 1; Journal ID: ISSN 1538-4357

Publisher:: Institute of Physics (IOP)

Country of Publication:: United States

Language:: English

Subject:: 79 ASTRONOMY AND ASTROPHYSICS; gamma rays: galaxies; Local Group; pulsars: general

Citation Formats


                    Eckner, Christopher, Hou, Xian, Serpico, Pasquale D., Winter, Miles, Zaharijas, Gabrijela, Martin, Pierrick, Mauro, Mattia di, Mirabal, Nestor, Petrovic, Jovana, Prodanovic, Tijana, and Vandenbroucke, Justin. Millisecond Pulsar Origin of the Galactic Center Excess and Extended Gamma-Ray Emission from Andromeda: A Closer Look.  United States: N. p., 2018. 
Web.  doi:10.3847/1538-4357/aac029.

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                    Eckner, Christopher, Hou, Xian, Serpico, Pasquale D., Winter, Miles, Zaharijas, Gabrijela, Martin, Pierrick, Mauro, Mattia di, Mirabal, Nestor, Petrovic, Jovana, Prodanovic, Tijana, & Vandenbroucke, Justin. Millisecond Pulsar Origin of the Galactic Center Excess and Extended Gamma-Ray Emission from Andromeda: A Closer Look.  United States.  https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/aac029

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                    Eckner, Christopher, Hou, Xian, Serpico, Pasquale D., Winter, Miles, Zaharijas, Gabrijela, Martin, Pierrick, Mauro, Mattia di, Mirabal, Nestor, Petrovic, Jovana, Prodanovic, Tijana, and Vandenbroucke, Justin. Wed .  
"Millisecond Pulsar Origin of the Galactic Center Excess and Extended Gamma-Ray Emission from Andromeda: A Closer Look".  United States.  https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/aac029.  https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1468959.

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@article{osti_1468959,

  title        = {Millisecond Pulsar Origin of the Galactic Center Excess and Extended Gamma-Ray Emission from Andromeda: A Closer Look},

  author       = {Eckner, Christopher and Hou, Xian and Serpico, Pasquale D. and Winter, Miles and Zaharijas, Gabrijela and Martin, Pierrick and Mauro, Mattia di and Mirabal, Nestor and Petrovic, Jovana and Prodanovic, Tijana and Vandenbroucke, Justin},

  abstractNote = {A new measurement of a spatially extended gamma-ray signal from the center of the Andromeda galaxy (M31) has recently been published by the Fermi-LAT collaboration, reporting that the emission broadly resembles the so-called Galactic center excess (GCE) of the Milky Way (MW). The weight of the evidence is steadily accumulating on a millisecond pulsar (MSPs) origin for the GCE. These elements prompt us to compare these observations with what is, perhaps, the simplest model for an MSP population, which is solely obtained by rescaling of the MSP luminosity function that is determined in the local MW disk via the respective stellar mass of the systems. Remarkably, we find that without free fitting parameters, this model can account for both the energetics and the morphology of the GCE within uncertainties. For M31, the estimated luminosity due to primordial MSPs is expected to only contribute about a quarter of the detected emission, although a stronger contribution cannot be excluded given the large uncertainties. If correct, the model predicts that the M31 disk emission due to MSPs is not far below the present upper bound. We also discuss additional refinements of this simple model. Using the correlation between globular cluster gamma-ray luminosity and stellar encounter rate, we gauge the dynamical MSP formation in the bulge. This component is expected to contribute to the GCE only at a level of ≲5%, it could affect the signal's morphology. In conclusion, we also comment on the limitations of our model and on future perspectives for improved diagnostics.},

  doi          = {10.3847/1538-4357/aac029},

  journal      = {The Astrophysical Journal (Online)},

  number       = 1,

  volume       = 862,

  place        = {United States},

  year         = {Wed Jul 25 00:00:00 EDT 2018},

  month        = {Wed Jul 25 00:00:00 EDT 2018}

}

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Figures / Tables:

Table 1: Summary of sizes and stellar masses of MW and M31 subcomponents. The estimate of the spatial extension of M31's stellar disk is taken from (Courteau et al. (2011)) whereas the MW's stellar disk size is reported in Rix & Bovy (2013). References to the listed stellar masses aremore »

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Lorimer, Duncan R.
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text, January 2017

Magrini, L.; Randich, S.; Kordopatis, G.
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text, January 2012

Abazajian, Kevork N.; Kaplinghat, Manoj
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Tamm, A.; Tempel, E.; Tenjes, P.
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DOI: 10.48550/arxiv.1208.5712

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text, January 2014

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text, January 2014

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DOI: 10.48550/arxiv.1411.2980

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text, January 2014

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arXiv
DOI: 10.48550/arxiv.1411.4363

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text, January 2015

van Haaften, L. M.; Nelemans, G.; Voss, R.
arXiv
DOI: 10.48550/arxiv.1505.03629

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text, January 2015

Brandt, Timothy D.; Kocsis, Bence
arXiv
DOI: 10.48550/arxiv.1507.05616

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text, January 2016

Georgiev, Iskren Y.; Böker, Torsten; Leigh, Natan
arXiv
DOI: 10.48550/arxiv.1601.02613

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text, January 2016

Hooper, Dan; Linden, Tim
arXiv
DOI: 10.48550/arxiv.1606.09250

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text, January 2017

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DOI: 10.48550/arxiv.1708.00816

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text, January 2017

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arXiv
DOI: 10.48550/arxiv.1709.03534

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text, January 2002

Launhardt, R.; Zylka, R.; Mezger, P. G.
arXiv
DOI: 10.48550/arxiv.astro-ph/0201294

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text, January 2003

Widrow, Lawrence M.; Perrett, Kathryn M.; Suyu, Sherry H.
arXiv
DOI: 10.48550/arxiv.astro-ph/0301144

Eccentric-disk models for the nucleus of M31
text, January 2003

Peiris, Hiranya V.; Tremaine, Scott
arXiv
DOI: 10.48550/arxiv.astro-ph/0307412

Neutron Star Population Dynamics.I: Millisecond Pulsars
text, January 1997

Cordes, J. M.; Chernoff, David F.
arXiv
DOI: 10.48550/arxiv.astro-ph/9706162

Works referencing / citing this record:

Bayesian model comparison and analysis of the Galactic disc population of gamma-ray millisecond pulsars
journal, September 2018

Bartels, R. T.; Edwards, T. D. P.; Weniger, C.
Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, Vol. 481, Issue 3
DOI: 10.1093/mnras/sty2529

Search for $γ$ -ray emission from dark matter particle interactions from the Andromeda and Triangulum galaxies with the Fermi Large Area Telescope
journal, June 2019

Di Mauro, Mattia; Hou, Xian; Eckner, Christopher
Physical Review D, Vol. 99, Issue 12
DOI: 10.1103/physrevd.99.123027

Probing the Fermi-LAT GeV Excess with Gravitational Waves
journal, March 2019

Calore, Francesca; Regimbau, Tania; Serpico, Pasquale Dario
Physical Review Letters, Vol. 122, Issue 8
DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.122.081103

Massive White Dwarfs in the Galactic Center: A Chandra X-Ray Spectroscopy of Cataclysmic Variables
journal, September 2019

Xu, Xiao-jie; Li, Zhiyuan; Zhu, Zhenlin
The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 882, Issue 2
DOI: 10.3847/1538-4357/ab32df

Millisecond Pulsars and the Gamma-Ray Excess in Andromeda
journal, January 2019

Fragione, Giacomo; Antonini, Fabio; Gnedin, Oleg Y.
The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 871, Issue 1
DOI: 10.3847/2041-8213/aafc62

Bayesian Model Comparison and Analysis of the Galactic Disk Population of Gamma-Ray Millisecond Pulsars
text, January 2018

Bartels, R. T.; Edwards, T. D. P.; Weniger, C.
arXiv
DOI: 10.48550/arxiv.1805.11097

Probing the Fermi-LAT GeV excess with gravitational waves
text, January 2018

Calore, Francesca; Regimbau, Tania; Serpico, Pasquale Dario
arXiv
DOI: 10.48550/arxiv.1812.05094

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Title: Millisecond Pulsar Origin of the Galactic Center Excess and Extended Gamma-Ray Emission from Andromeda: A Closer Look

Abstract

Citation Formats

Figures / Tables:

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Disrupted Globular Clusters can Explain the Galactic Center Gamma-Ray Excess journal, October 2015

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Background model systematics for the Fermi GeV excess journal, March 2015

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The heating of dust by old stellar populations in the bulge of M31: The warm dust and old stars of M31's bulge journal, September 2012

Low mass X-ray binaries in the Inner Galaxy: implications for millisecond pulsars and the GeV excess journal, May 2017

The pulsar kick velocity distribution journal, November 1997

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The gamma-ray pulsar population of globular clusters: implications for the GeV excess journal, August 2016

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Two emission mechanisms in the Fermi Bubbles: A possible signal of annihilating dark matter journal, September 2013

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Constraints on Cosmic-Ray Propagation Models from a Global Bayesian Analysis journal, February 2011

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Detection of a gamma-ray source in the Galactic Center consistent with extended emission from dark matter annihilation and concentrated astrophysical emission
journal, October 2012

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journal, September 2017

Fermi Large Area Telescope observations of Local Group galaxies: detection of M 31 and search for M 33
journal, November 2010

FERMI -LAT OBSERVATIONS OF THE DIFFUSE γ-RAY EMISSION: IMPLICATIONS FOR COSMIC RAYS AND THE INTERSTELLAR MEDIUM
journal, April 2012

GeV OBSERVATIONS OF STAR-FORMING GALAXIES WITH THE FERMI LARGE AREA TELESCOPE
journal, August 2012

THE SPECTRUM AND MORPHOLOGY OF THE FERMI BUBBLES
journal, September 2014

Observations of M31 and M33 with the Fermi Large Area Telescope: A Galactic Center Excess in Andromeda?
journal, February 2017

The Fermi Galactic Center GeV Excess and Implications for Dark Matter
journal, May 2017

FERMI -LAT OBSERVATIONS OF HIGH-ENERGY γ -RAY EMISSION TOWARD THE GALACTIC CENTER
journal, February 2016

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journal, June 2018

THE LARGE AREA TELESCOPE ON THE FERMI GAMMA-RAY SPACE TELESCOPE MISSION
journal, May 2009

Stellar Encounter rate in Galactic Globular Clusters
journal, March 2013

Comment on “Characterizing the population of pulsars in the Galactic bulge with the Fermi large area telescope” [arXiv:1705.00009v1]
journal, June 2018

Strong Support for the Millisecond Pulsar Origin of the Galactic Center GeV Excess
journal, February 2016

The outer rotation curve of the Milky Way
journal, May 1997

Disrupted Globular Clusters can Explain the Galactic Center Gamma-Ray Excess
journal, October 2015

A tale of tails: Dark matter interpretations of the Fermi GeV excess in light of background model systematics
journal, March 2015

Background model systematics for the Fermi GeV excess
journal, March 2015

A new photometric model of the Galactic bar using red clump giants
journal, July 2013

Cosmic-Ray Injection from Star-Forming Regions
journal, September 2016

Cosmic ray protons in the inner Galaxy and the Galactic Center gamma-ray excess
journal, July 2014

The old nuclear star cluster in the Milky Way: dynamics, mass, statistical parallax, and black hole mass
journal, December 2014

Dark matter and visible baryons in M33
journal, June 2003

Neutron Star Population Dynamics. I. Millisecond Pulsars
journal, June 1997

The Luminosity Profile and Structural Parameters of the Andromeda Galaxy
journal, August 2011

Neutron star retention and millisecond pulsar production in globular clusters
journal, November 1998

The characterization of the gamma-ray signal from the central Milky Way: A case for annihilating dark matter
journal, June 2016

Common Solution to the Cosmic Ray Anisotropy and Gradient Problems
journal, May 2012

Tidal Capture Formation of Binary Systems and X-ray Sources in Globular Clusters
journal, July 1975

A population of gamma-ray emitting globular clusters seen with the Fermi Large Area Telescope
journal, November 2010

HERSCHEL EXPLOITATION OF LOCAL GALAXY ANDROMEDA (HELGA). III. THE STAR FORMATION LAW IN M31
journal, May 2013

Disrupted globular clusters and the gamma-ray excess in the Galactic Centre
journal, January 2018

X-Ray Binary Evolution Across Cosmic time
journal, January 2013

Towards a realistic astrophysical interpretation of the gamma-ray Galactic center excess
journal, December 2015

Masses and scaling relations for nuclear star clusters, and their co-existence with central black holes
journal, February 2016

Low-mass X-ray binaries as a stellar mass indicator for the host galaxy
journal, March 2004

Co-Evolution of Galactic Nuclei and Globular Cluster Systems
journal, March 2014

The heating of dust by old stellar populations in the bulge of M31: The warm dust and old stars of M31's bulge
journal, September 2012

Low mass X-ray binaries in the Inner Galaxy: implications for millisecond pulsars and the GeV excess
journal, May 2017

The pulsar kick velocity distribution
journal, November 1997

A Catalog of Parameters for Globular Clusters in the Milky Way
journal, October 1996

Pulsars as the sources of high energy cosmic ray positrons
journal, January 2009

Millisecond pulsars cannot account for the inner Galaxy’s GeV excess
journal, October 2013

The gamma-ray pulsar population of globular clusters: implications for the GeV excess
journal, August 2016

The gamma-ray luminosity function of millisecond pulsars and implications for the GeV excess
journal, March 2016

Two emission mechanisms in the Fermi Bubbles: A possible signal of annihilating dark matter
journal, September 2013

Galactic dark matter search via phenomenological astrophysics modeling
journal, April 2016

Dynamical Formation of Millisecond Pulsars in Globular Clusters
journal, April 2010

The Fundamental Plane of Gamma-Ray Globular Clusters
journal, December 2010

An improved bulge model for M31
journal, June 1989

Planetary camera observations of the double nucleus of M31
journal, October 1993

The nuclear bulge of the Galaxy: III. Large-scale physical characteristics of stars and interstellar matter
journal, March 2002

Evidence for Unresolved $γ$ -Ray Point Sources in the Inner Galaxy
journal, February 2016

Improved Estimates of the Milky Way’S Stellar mass and star Formation rate from Hierarchical Bayesian Meta-Analysis
journal, June 2015

High-energy tail of the Galactic Center gamma-ray excess
journal, November 2016

Binary and Millisecond Pulsars
journal, November 2005

The Parkes Southern Pulsar Survey -- II. Final results and population analysis
journal, April 1998

The Gaia -ESO Survey: radial distribution of abundances in the Galactic disc from open clusters and young-field stars
journal, June 2017

Dark matter versus pulsars: catching the impostor
journal, October 2013

Eccentric‐Disk Models for the Nucleus of M31
journal, December 2003

Galactic Center gamma-ray ``excess'' from an active past of the Galactic Centre?
journal, October 2014

Millisecond pulsars and the Galactic Center gamma-ray excess: the importance of luminosity function and secondary emission
journal, February 2015

First AGILE catalog of high-confidence gamma-ray sources
journal, September 2009

Consistency between the luminosity function of resolved millisecond pulsars and the galactic center excess
journal, August 2017

Dynamical modelling of the galactic bulge and bar: the Milky Way's pattern speed, stellar and dark matter mass distribution
journal, November 2016

High-energy Gamma Rays from the Milky Way: Three-dimensional Spatial Models for the Cosmic-Ray and Radiation Field Densities in the Interstellar Medium
journal, August 2017

The Milky Way’s stellar disk: Mapping and modeling the Galactic disk
journal, May 2013

Surface brightness profile of the Milky Way’s nuclear star cluster
journal, June 2014

GIANT GAMMA-RAY BUBBLES FROM FERMI -LAT: ACTIVE GALACTIC NUCLEUS ACTIVITY OR BIPOLAR GALACTIC WIND?
journal, November 2010

Stellar mass map and dark matter distribution in M 31
journal, September 2012

Constraints on Cosmic-Ray Propagation Models from a Global Bayesian Analysis
journal, February 2011

Population synthesis of classical low-mass X-ray binaries in the Galactic Bulge
journal, June 2015

Cosmic-Ray Positrons from Millisecond Pulsars
journal, July 2015

The contribution of millisecond pulsars to the Galactic cosmic-ray lepton spectrum
journal, March 2015

The dynamical formation of LMXBs in dense stellar environments: globular clusters and the inner bulge of M31
journal, September 2007

Disk‐Bulge‐Halo Models for the Andromeda Galaxy
journal, May 2003

ESTIMATING THE GeV EMISSION OF MILLISECOND PULSARS IN DWARF SPHEROIDAL GALAXIES
journal, November 2016

Testing the Millisecond Pulsar Scenario of the Galactic Center Gamma-Ray Excess with very high Energy Gamma-Rays
journal, April 2015

Millisecond pulsar interpretation of the Galactic center gamma-ray excess
journal, September 2014

Binary and Millisecond Pulsars
journal, November 2008