Reaching the quantum limit of sensitivity in electron spin resonance
Abstract
The detection and characterization of paramagnetic species by electron spin resonance (ESR) spectroscopy is widely used throughout chemistry, biology and materials science, from in vivo imaging to distance measurements in spin-labelled proteins. ESR relies on the inductive detection of microwave signals emitted by the spins into a coupled microwave resonator during their Larmor precession. However, such signals can be very small, prohibiting the application of ESR at the nanoscale (for example, at the single-cell level or on individual nanoparticles). Here in this work, using a Josephson parametric microwave amplifier combined with high-quality-factor superconducting microresonators cooled at millikelvin temperatures, we improve the state-of-the-art sensitivity of inductive ESR detection by nearly four orders of magnitude. We demonstrate the detection of 1,700 bismuth donor spins in silicon within a single Hahn echo with unit signal-to-noise ratio, reduced to 150 spins by averaging a single Carr-Purcell-Meiboom-Gill sequence. This unprecedented sensitivity reaches the limit set by quantum fluctuations of the electromagnetic field instead of thermal or technical noise, which constitutes a novel regime for magnetic resonance. In conclusion, the detection volume of our resonator is ~0.02nl, and our approach can be readily scaled down further to improve sensitivity, providing a new versatile toolbox for ESRmore »
- Authors:
-
- Univ. Paris-Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette (France). Quantronics Group, SPEC, CEA, CNR
- University College London (United Kingdom). London Centre for Nanotechnology
- Univ. Paris-Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette (France). Quantronics Group, SPEC, CEA, CNR; Bar Ilan University, Ramat Gan (Israel). Quantum Nanoelectronics Laboratory, BINA
- Univ. Paris-Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette (France). Quantronics Group, SPEC, CEA, CNR; Institute of Electronics Microelectronics and Nanotechnology. ISEN Department
- Lawrence Berkeley National Lab. (LBNL), Berkeley, CA (United States). Accelerator Technology and Applied Physics Division
- Simon Fraser University, Burnaby (British Columbia). Department of Physics
- Aarhus University (Denmark). Department of Physics and Astronomy
- Publication Date:
- Research Org.:
- Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory (LBNL), Berkeley, CA (United States)
- Sponsoring Org.:
- USDOE Office of Science (SC), Fusion Energy Sciences (FES)
- OSTI Identifier:
- 1379135
- Grant/Contract Number:
- AC02-05CH11231
- Resource Type:
- Accepted Manuscript
- Journal Name:
- Nature Nanotechnology
- Additional Journal Information:
- Journal Volume: 11; Journal Issue: 3; Journal ID: ISSN 1748-3387
- Publisher:
- Nature Publishing Group
- Country of Publication:
- United States
- Language:
- English
- Subject:
- 71 CLASSICAL AND QUANTUM MECHANICS, GENERAL PHYSICS
Citation Formats
Bienfait, A., Pla, J. J., Kubo, Y., Stern, M., Zhou, X., Lo, C. C., Weis, C. D., Schenkel, T., Thewalt, M. L. W., Vion, D., Esteve, D., Julsgaard, B., Mølmer, K., Morton, J. J. L., and Bertet, P. Reaching the quantum limit of sensitivity in electron spin resonance. United States: N. p., 2015.
Web. doi:10.1038/nnano.2015.282.
Bienfait, A., Pla, J. J., Kubo, Y., Stern, M., Zhou, X., Lo, C. C., Weis, C. D., Schenkel, T., Thewalt, M. L. W., Vion, D., Esteve, D., Julsgaard, B., Mølmer, K., Morton, J. J. L., & Bertet, P. Reaching the quantum limit of sensitivity in electron spin resonance. United States. https://doi.org/10.1038/nnano.2015.282
Bienfait, A., Pla, J. J., Kubo, Y., Stern, M., Zhou, X., Lo, C. C., Weis, C. D., Schenkel, T., Thewalt, M. L. W., Vion, D., Esteve, D., Julsgaard, B., Mølmer, K., Morton, J. J. L., and Bertet, P. Mon .
"Reaching the quantum limit of sensitivity in electron spin resonance". United States. https://doi.org/10.1038/nnano.2015.282. https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1379135.
@article{osti_1379135,
title = {Reaching the quantum limit of sensitivity in electron spin resonance},
author = {Bienfait, A. and Pla, J. J. and Kubo, Y. and Stern, M. and Zhou, X. and Lo, C. C. and Weis, C. D. and Schenkel, T. and Thewalt, M. L. W. and Vion, D. and Esteve, D. and Julsgaard, B. and Mølmer, K. and Morton, J. J. L. and Bertet, P.},
abstractNote = {The detection and characterization of paramagnetic species by electron spin resonance (ESR) spectroscopy is widely used throughout chemistry, biology and materials science, from in vivo imaging to distance measurements in spin-labelled proteins. ESR relies on the inductive detection of microwave signals emitted by the spins into a coupled microwave resonator during their Larmor precession. However, such signals can be very small, prohibiting the application of ESR at the nanoscale (for example, at the single-cell level or on individual nanoparticles). Here in this work, using a Josephson parametric microwave amplifier combined with high-quality-factor superconducting microresonators cooled at millikelvin temperatures, we improve the state-of-the-art sensitivity of inductive ESR detection by nearly four orders of magnitude. We demonstrate the detection of 1,700 bismuth donor spins in silicon within a single Hahn echo with unit signal-to-noise ratio, reduced to 150 spins by averaging a single Carr-Purcell-Meiboom-Gill sequence. This unprecedented sensitivity reaches the limit set by quantum fluctuations of the electromagnetic field instead of thermal or technical noise, which constitutes a novel regime for magnetic resonance. In conclusion, the detection volume of our resonator is ~0.02nl, and our approach can be readily scaled down further to improve sensitivity, providing a new versatile toolbox for ESR at the nanoscale.},
doi = {10.1038/nnano.2015.282},
journal = {Nature Nanotechnology},
number = 3,
volume = 11,
place = {United States},
year = {Mon Dec 14 00:00:00 EST 2015},
month = {Mon Dec 14 00:00:00 EST 2015}
}
Web of Science
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