A critical appraisal and evaluation of modern PDFs

Accardi, A.; Alekhin, S.; Blümlein, J.; Garzelli, M. V.; Lipka, K.; Melnitchouk, W.; Moch, S.; Owens, J. F.; Plačakytė, R.; Reya, E.; Sato, N.; Vogt, A.; Zenaiev, O.

doi:10.1140/epjc/s10052-016-4285-4

Title: A critical appraisal and evaluation of modern PDFs

Abstract

Here, we review the present status in the determination of parton distribution functions (PDFs) in the light of the precision requirements for the LHC in Run 2 as well as other future colliders. We provide brief descriptions of all currently available PDF sets and use them to compute cross sections for a number of benchmark processes including the Higgs boson production in gluon-gluon fusion at the LHC. We show that the differences in the predictions obtained with the various PDFs are due to particular theory assumptions such as the heavy-flavor schemes used in the PDF fits, the account of power corrections and others. We comment on PDF uncertainties in the kinematic region covered by the LHC and on averaging procedures for PDFs, such as realized by the PDF4LHC15 sets. As a result, we provide recommendations for the usage of sets of PDFs for theory predictions at the LHC.

Authors:: Accardi, A.; Alekhin, S.; Blümlein, J.; Garzelli, M. V.; Lipka, K.; Melnitchouk, W.; Moch, S.; Owens, J. F.; Plačakytė, R.; Reya, E.; Sato, N.; Vogt, A.; Zenaiev, O.

Publication Date:: Tue Aug 23 00:00:00 EDT 2016

Research Org.:: Thomas Jefferson National Accelerator Facility (TJNAF), Newport News, VA (United States)

Sponsoring Org.:: USDOE Office of Science (SC), Nuclear Physics (NP)

OSTI Identifier:: 1328554

Alternate Identifier(s):: OSTI ID: 1327811

Report Number(s):: JLAB-THY-16-2231; DOE/OR/23177-3779
Journal ID: ISSN 1434-6044; 471; PII: 4285

Grant/Contract Number:: AC05-06OR23177; FG02-97ER41922; SC0008791; 05H15GUCC1; PITN-GA- 2012-316704 (HIGGSTOOLS)

Resource Type:: Published Article

Journal Name:: European Physical Journal. C, Particles and Fields

Additional Journal Information:: Journal Name: European Physical Journal. C, Particles and Fields Journal Volume: 76 Journal Issue: 8; Journal ID: ISSN 1434-6044

Publisher:: Springer Science + Business Media

Country of Publication:: Germany

Language:: English

Subject:: 72 PHYSICS OF ELEMENTARY PARTICLES AND FIELDS

Citation Formats


                    Accardi, A., Alekhin, S., Blümlein, J., Garzelli, M. V., Lipka, K., Melnitchouk, W., Moch, S., Owens, J. F., Plačakytė, R., Reya, E., Sato, N., Vogt, A., and Zenaiev, O. A critical appraisal and evaluation of modern PDFs.  Germany: N. p., 2016. 
Web.  doi:10.1140/epjc/s10052-016-4285-4.

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                    Accardi, A., Alekhin, S., Blümlein, J., Garzelli, M. V., Lipka, K., Melnitchouk, W., Moch, S., Owens, J. F., Plačakytė, R., Reya, E., Sato, N., Vogt, A., & Zenaiev, O. A critical appraisal and evaluation of modern PDFs.  Germany.  https://doi.org/10.1140/epjc/s10052-016-4285-4

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                    Accardi, A., Alekhin, S., Blümlein, J., Garzelli, M. V., Lipka, K., Melnitchouk, W., Moch, S., Owens, J. F., Plačakytė, R., Reya, E., Sato, N., Vogt, A., and Zenaiev, O. Tue .  
"A critical appraisal and evaluation of modern PDFs".  Germany.  https://doi.org/10.1140/epjc/s10052-016-4285-4.

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@article{osti_1328554,

  title        = {A critical appraisal and evaluation of modern PDFs},

  author       = {Accardi, A. and Alekhin, S. and Blümlein, J. and Garzelli, M. V. and Lipka, K. and Melnitchouk, W. and Moch, S. and Owens, J. F. and Plačakytė, R. and Reya, E. and Sato, N. and Vogt, A. and Zenaiev, O.},

  abstractNote = {Here, we review the present status in the determination of parton distribution functions (PDFs) in the light of the precision requirements for the LHC in Run 2 as well as other future colliders. We provide brief descriptions of all currently available PDF sets and use them to compute cross sections for a number of benchmark processes including the Higgs boson production in gluon-gluon fusion at the LHC. We show that the differences in the predictions obtained with the various PDFs are due to particular theory assumptions such as the heavy-flavor schemes used in the PDF fits, the account of power corrections and others. We comment on PDF uncertainties in the kinematic region covered by the LHC and on averaging procedures for PDFs, such as realized by the PDF4LHC15 sets. As a result, we provide recommendations for the usage of sets of PDFs for theory predictions at the LHC.},

  doi          = {10.1140/epjc/s10052-016-4285-4},

  journal      = {European Physical Journal. C, Particles and Fields},

  number       = 8,

  volume       = 76,

  place        = {Germany},

  year         = {Tue Aug 23 00:00:00 EDT 2016},

  month        = {Tue Aug 23 00:00:00 EDT 2016}

}

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Figures / Tables:

Table 1: Summary of major hard processes used in the various PDF analyses and the confidence level criteria employed. Detailed references to the different specific data sets used by the various groups are given in Refs. [1–7] and also the specific statistical analysis applied is described in these papers. Notemore »

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Mellin moments of the heavy flavor contributions to unpolarized deep-inelastic scattering at and anomalous dimensions
journal, October 2009

Bierenbaum, Isabella; Blümlein, Johannes; Klein, Sebastian
Nuclear Physics B, Vol. 820, Issue 1-2
DOI: 10.1016/j.nuclphysb.2009.06.005

Heavy quarks in deep-inelastic scattering
journal, July 2010

Forte, Stefano; Laenen, Eric; Nason, Paolo
Nuclear Physics B, Vol. 834, Issue 1-2
DOI: 10.1016/j.nuclphysb.2010.03.014

The <mml:math altimg="si1.gif" overflow="scroll" xmlns:xocs="http://www.elsevier.com/xml/xocs/dtd" xmlns:xs="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns="http://www.elsevier.com/xml/ja/dtd" xmlns:ja="http://www.elsevier.com/xml/ja/dtd" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:tb="http://www.elsevier.com/xml/common/table/dtd" xmlns:sb="http://www.elsevier.com/xml/common/struct-bib/dtd" xmlns:ce="http://www.elsevier.com/xml/common/dtd" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:cals="http://www.elsevier.com/xml/common/cals/dtd"><mml:mi>O</mml:mi><mml:mo stretchy="false">(</mml:mo><mml:msubsup><mml:mi>α</mml:mi><mml:mi>s</mml:mi><mml:mn>3</mml:mn></mml:msubsup><mml:mo stretchy="false">)</mml:mo></mml:math> massive operator matrix elements of <mml:math altimg="si2.gif" overflow="scroll" xmlns:xocs="http://www.elsevier.com/xml/xocs/dtd" xmlns:xs="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns="http://www.elsevier.com/xml/ja/dtd" xmlns:ja="http://www.elsevier.com/xml/ja/dtd" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:tb="http://www.elsevier.com/xml/common/table/dtd" xmlns:sb="http://www.elsevier.com/xml/common/struct-bib/dtd" xmlns:ce="http://www.elsevier.com/xml/common/dtd" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:cals="http://www.elsevier.com/xml/common/cals/dtd"><mml:mi>O</mml:mi><mml:mo stretchy="false">(</mml:mo><mml:msub><mml:mi>n</mml:mi><mml:mi>f</mml:mi></mml:msub><mml:mo stretchy="false">)</mml:mo></mml:math> for the structure function <mml:math altimg="si3.gif" overflow="scroll" xmlns:xocs="http://www.elsevier.com/xml/xocs/dtd" xmlns:xs="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns="http://www.elsevier.com/xml/ja/dtd" xmlns:ja="http://www.elsevier.com/xml/ja/dtd" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:tb="http://www.elsevier.com/xml/common/table/dtd" xmlns:sb="http://www.elsevier.com/xml/common/struct-bib/dtd" xmlns:ce="http://www.elsevier.com/xml/common/dtd" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:cals="http://www.elsevier.com/xml/common/cals/dtd"><mml:msub><mml:mi>F</mml:mi><mml:mn>2</mml:mn></mml:msub><mml:mo stretchy="false">(</mml:mo><mml:mi>x</mml:mi><mml:mo>,</mml:mo><mml:msup><mml:mi>Q</mml:mi><mml:mn>2</mml:mn></mml:msup><mml:mo stretchy="false">)</mml:mo></mml:math> and transversity
journal, March 2011

Ablinger, J.; Blümlein, J.; Klein, S.
Nuclear Physics B, Vol. 844, Issue 1
DOI: 10.1016/j.nuclphysb.2010.10.021

On the next-to-next-to-leading order QCD corrections to heavy-quark production in deep-inelastic scattering
journal, November 2012

Kawamura, H.; Lo Presti, N. A.; Moch, S.
Nuclear Physics B, Vol. 864, Issue 3
DOI: 10.1016/j.nuclphysb.2012.07.001

Parton distributions with LHC data
journal, February 2013

Ball, Richard D.; Bertone, Valerio; Carrazza, Stefano
Nuclear Physics B, Vol. 867, Issue 2
DOI: 10.1016/j.nuclphysb.2012.10.003

The transition matrix element <mml:math altimg="si1.gif" overflow="scroll" xmlns:xocs="http://www.elsevier.com/xml/xocs/dtd" xmlns:xs="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns="http://www.elsevier.com/xml/ja/dtd" xmlns:ja="http://www.elsevier.com/xml/ja/dtd" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:tb="http://www.elsevier.com/xml/common/table/dtd" xmlns:sb="http://www.elsevier.com/xml/common/struct-bib/dtd" xmlns:ce="http://www.elsevier.com/xml/common/dtd" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:cals="http://www.elsevier.com/xml/common/cals/dtd" xmlns:sa="http://www.elsevier.com/xml/common/struct-aff/dtd"><mml:msub><mml:mrow><mml:mi>A</mml:mi></mml:mrow><mml:mrow><mml:mi>g</mml:mi><mml:mi>q</mml:mi></mml:mrow></mml:msub><mml:mo stretchy="false">(</mml:mo><mml:mi>N</mml:mi><mml:mo stretchy="false">)</mml:mo></mml:math> of the variable flavor number scheme at <mml:math altimg="si2.gif" overflow="scroll" xmlns:xocs="http://www.elsevier.com/xml/xocs/dtd" xmlns:xs="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns="http://www.elsevier.com/xml/ja/dtd" xmlns:ja="http://www.elsevier.com/xml/ja/dtd" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:tb="http://www.elsevier.com/xml/common/table/dtd" xmlns:sb="http://www.elsevier.com/xml/common/struct-bib/dtd" xmlns:ce="http://www.elsevier.com/xml/common/dtd" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:cals="http://www.elsevier.com/xml/common/cals/dtd" xmlns:sa="http://www.elsevier.com/xml/common/struct-aff/dtd"><mml:mi>O</mml:mi><mml:mo stretchy="false">(</mml:mo><mml:msubsup><mml:mrow><mml:mi>α</mml:mi></mml:mrow><mml:mrow><mml:mi>s</mml:mi></mml:mrow><mml:mrow><mml:mn>3</mml:mn></mml:mrow></mml:msubsup><mml:mo stretchy="false">)</mml:mo></mml:math>
journal, May 2014

Ablinger, J.; Blümlein, J.; De Freitas, A.
Nuclear Physics B, Vol. 882
DOI: 10.1016/j.nuclphysb.2014.02.007

The 3-loop pure singlet heavy flavor contributions to the structure function $F_{2} (x, Q^{2})$ and the anomalous dimension
journal, January 2015

Ablinger, J.; Behring, A.; Blümlein, J.
Nuclear Physics B, Vol. 890
DOI: 10.1016/j.nuclphysb.2014.10.008

The gluonic operator matrix elements at <mml:math altimg="si1.gif" overflow="scroll" xmlns:xocs="http://www.elsevier.com/xml/xocs/dtd" xmlns:xs="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns="http://www.elsevier.com/xml/ja/dtd" xmlns:ja="http://www.elsevier.com/xml/ja/dtd" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:tb="http://www.elsevier.com/xml/common/table/dtd" xmlns:sb="http://www.elsevier.com/xml/common/struct-bib/dtd" xmlns:ce="http://www.elsevier.com/xml/common/dtd" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:cals="http://www.elsevier.com/xml/common/cals/dtd"><mml:mi>O</mml:mi><mml:mo stretchy="false">(</mml:mo><mml:msubsup><mml:mi>α</mml:mi><mml:mi>s</mml:mi><mml:mn>2</mml:mn></mml:msubsup><mml:mo stretchy="false">)</mml:mo></mml:math> for DIS heavy flavor production
journal, March 2009

Bierenbaum, Isabella; Blümlein, Johannes; Klein, Sebastian
Physics Letters B, Vol. 672, Issue 4-5
DOI: 10.1016/j.physletb.2009.01.057

Heavy-quark deep-inelastic scattering with a running mass
journal, May 2011

Alekhin, S.; Moch, S.
Physics Letters B, Vol. 699, Issue 5
DOI: 10.1016/j.physletb.2011.04.026

Precision determination of <mml:math altimg="si1.gif" overflow="scroll" xmlns:xocs="http://www.elsevier.com/xml/xocs/dtd" xmlns:xs="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns="http://www.elsevier.com/xml/ja/dtd" xmlns:ja="http://www.elsevier.com/xml/ja/dtd" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:tb="http://www.elsevier.com/xml/common/table/dtd" xmlns:sb="http://www.elsevier.com/xml/common/struct-bib/dtd" xmlns:ce="http://www.elsevier.com/xml/common/dtd" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:cals="http://www.elsevier.com/xml/common/cals/dtd"><mml:msub><mml:mi>α</mml:mi><mml:mi>s</mml:mi></mml:msub><mml:mo stretchy="false">(</mml:mo><mml:msub><mml:mi>M</mml:mi><mml:mi>Z</mml:mi></mml:msub><mml:mo stretchy="false">)</mml:mo></mml:math> using an unbiased global NLO parton set
journal, July 2011

Lionetti, Simone; Ball, Richard D.; Bertone, Valerio
Physics Letters B, Vol. 701, Issue 3
DOI: 10.1016/j.physletb.2011.05.071

Precision NNLO determination of <mml:math altimg="si1.gif" overflow="scroll" xmlns:xocs="http://www.elsevier.com/xml/xocs/dtd" xmlns:xs="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns="http://www.elsevier.com/xml/ja/dtd" xmlns:ja="http://www.elsevier.com/xml/ja/dtd" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:tb="http://www.elsevier.com/xml/common/table/dtd" xmlns:sb="http://www.elsevier.com/xml/common/struct-bib/dtd" xmlns:ce="http://www.elsevier.com/xml/common/dtd" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:cals="http://www.elsevier.com/xml/common/cals/dtd"><mml:msub><mml:mi>α</mml:mi><mml:mi>s</mml:mi></mml:msub><mml:mo stretchy="false">(</mml:mo><mml:msub><mml:mi>M</mml:mi><mml:mi>Z</mml:mi></mml:msub><mml:mo stretchy="false">)</mml:mo></mml:math> using an unbiased global parton set
journal, January 2012

Ball, Richard D.; Bertone, Valerio; Del Debbio, Luigi
Physics Letters B, Vol. 707, Issue 1
DOI: 10.1016/j.physletb.2011.11.053

Measurement of charm production in neutrino charged-current interactions
journal, September 2011

Kayis-Topaksu, A.; Önengüt, G.; van Dantzig, R.
New Journal of Physics, Vol. 13, Issue 9
DOI: 10.1088/1367-2630/13/9/093002

3-, 4-, and 5-flavor next-to-next-to-leading order parton distribution functions from deep-inelastic-scattering data and at hadron colliders
journal, January 2010

Alekhin, S.; Blümlein, J.; Klein, S.
Physical Review D, Vol. 81, Issue 1
DOI: 10.1103/physrevd.81.014032

A posteriori inclusion of parton density functions in NLO QCD final-state calculations at hadron colliders: the APPLGRID project
journal, February 2010

Carli, Tancredi; Clements, Dan; Cooper-Sarkar, Amanda
The European Physical Journal C, Vol. 66, Issue 3-4
DOI: 10.1140/epjc/s10052-010-1255-0

Heavy-quark mass dependence in global PDF analyses and 3- and 4-flavour parton distributions
journal, October 2010

Martin, A. D.; Stirling, W. J.; Thorne, R. S.
The European Physical Journal C, Vol. 70, Issue 1-2
DOI: 10.1140/epjc/s10052-010-1462-8

Extended parameterisations for MSTW PDFs and their effect on lepton charge asymmetry from W decays
journal, February 2013

Martin, A. D.; Mathijssen, A. J. Th. M.; Stirling, W. J.
The European Physical Journal C, Vol. 73, Issue 2
DOI: 10.1140/epjc/s10052-013-2318-9

The effect on PDFs and $$\alpha _S(M_Z^2)$$ α S ( M Z 2 ) due to changes in flavour scheme and higher twist contributions
journal, July 2014

Thorne, R. S.
The European Physical Journal C, Vol. 74, Issue 7
DOI: 10.1140/epjc/s10052-014-2958-4

The logarithmic contributions to the $$O(\alpha _s^3)$$ O ( α s 3 ) asymptotic massive Wilson coefficients and operator matrix elements in deeply inelastic scattering
journal, September 2014

Behring, A.; Bierenbaum, I.; Blümlein, J.
The European Physical Journal C, Vol. 74, Issue 9
DOI: 10.1140/epjc/s10052-014-3033-x

Differential distributions for top-quark hadro-production with a running mass
journal, November 2014

Dowling, M.; Moch, S.
The European Physical Journal C, Vol. 74, Issue 11
DOI: 10.1140/epjc/s10052-014-3167-x

Measurements of differential and double-differential Drell–Yan cross sections in proton–proton collisions at $$\sqrt{s} = 8$$ s = 8 $$\,\text {TeV}$$ TeV
journal, April 2015

Khachatryan, V.; Sirunyan, A. M.; Tumasyan, A.
The European Physical Journal C, Vol. 75, Issue 4
DOI: 10.1140/epjc/s10052-015-3364-2

Works referencing / citing this record:

Application of the rescaling model at small Bjorken $x$ values
journal, December 2017

Kotikov, A. V.; Shaikhatdenov, B. G.; Zhang, Pengming
Physical Review D, Vol. 96, Issue 11
DOI: 10.1103/physrevd.96.114002

Gottfried Sum Rule in QCD Nonsinglet Analysis of DIS Fixed-Target Data
journal, March 2018

Kotikov, A. V.; Krivokhizhin, V. G.; Shaikhatdenov, B. G.
Physics of Atomic Nuclei, Vol. 81, Issue 2
DOI: 10.1134/s1063778818020126

Charm Production and QCD Analysis at HERA and LHC
text, January 2017

Zenaiev, Oleksandr
Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron, DESY, Hamburg
DOI: 10.3204/pubdb-2017-01474

Systematic uncertainties in parton distribution functions from lattice QCD simulations at the physical point
text, January 2019

Alexandrou, Constantia; Cichy, Krzysztof; Constantinou, Martha
Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron, DESY, Hamburg
DOI: 10.3204/pubdb-2019-02720

PDF Profiling Using the Forward-Backward Asymmetry in Neutral Current Drell-Yan Production
text, January 2019

Accomando, Elena; Fiaschi, Juri; Hautmann, Francesco
Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron, DESY, Hamburg
DOI: 10.3204/pubdb-2019-04768

FLAG Review 2019
text, January 2019

Aoki, S.; Aoki, Y.; Becirevic, D.
Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron, DESY, Hamburg
DOI: 10.3204/pubdb-2020-00055

Measurement of the top quark forward-backward production asymmetry and the anomalous chromoelectric and chromomagnetic moments in pp collisions at $\sqrt{s}=$ 13 TeV
text, January 2020

Sirunyan, Albert M.; Tumasyan, Armen; Adam, Wolfgang
Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron, DESY, Hamburg
DOI: 10.3204/pubdb-2020-02641

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Title: A critical appraisal and evaluation of modern PDFs

Abstract

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Figures / Tables:

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Parton structure of the photon beyond the leading order journal, June 1992

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Order α2S contributions to the deep inelastic Wilson coefficient journal, November 1991

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The third-order QCD corrections to deep-inelastic scattering by photon exchange journal, September 2005

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Asymptotically free gauge theories. II journal, February 1974

Deep-inelastic structure functions at two loops journal, May 2000

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QED corrections to the evolution of parton distributions journal, June 2004

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Higgs boson production at the LHC journal, October 1995

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The three-loop QCD β-function and anomalous dimensions journal, April 1993

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Uncertainties of predictions from parton distributions II: theoretical errors
journal, June 2004

Parton structure of the photon beyond the leading order
journal, June 1992

Operator product expansions near the light cone
journal, April 1971

Value of α _s from deep-inelastic-scattering data
journal, February 2003

Order α2S contributions to the deep inelastic Wilson coefficient
journal, November 1991

Higgs boson production at hadron colliders in NNLO QCD
journal, December 2002

Open heavy flavour production: conceptual framework and implementation issues
journal, April 2002

Second-order contributions to the structure functions in deep inelastic scattering (I). Theoretical calculations
journal, January 1979

Second-order contributions to the structure functions in deep inelastic scattering
journal, November 1979

Order-αs2 QCD corrections to the deep inelastic proton structure functions F2 and FL
journal, September 1992

Two-loop massive operator matrix elements and unpolarized heavy flavor production at asymptotic values
journal, September 2007

Neutrino inclusive inelastic scattering off nuclei
journal, November 2007

Non-Lagrangian Models of Current Algebra
journal, March 1969

Two-loop diagrams in Yang-Mills theory
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The strange parton distribution of the nucleon: global analysis and applications
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Leptoproduction of heavy quarks. II. A unified QCD formulation of charged and neutral current processes from fixed-target to collider energies
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Improved calculation of F2 in electroproduction and xF3 in neutrino scattering to NNLO and determination of αs
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Measurement and QCD analysis of neutral and charged current cross sections at HERA
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Deep-inelastic scattering from off-shell nucleons
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Treatment of heavy quarks in deeply inelastic scattering
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Asymptotic freedom in parton language
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Longitudinal heavy quark structure function in the region at
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Space and time like cut vertices in QCD beyond the leading order - non-singlet sector
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Effects of QCD resummation on distributions of leptons from the decay of electroweak vector bosons
journal, August 1995

The gell-mann-low function of QCD in the three-loop approximation
journal, June 1980

Characteristics of heavy quark leptoproduction in QCD
journal, January 1979

Charged current deep-inelastic scattering at three loops
journal, October 2007

The longitudinal structure function at the third order
journal, January 2005

$$\mathcal{O}(\alpha ^2 L^2 )$$ radiative corrections to deep inelasticep scattering for different kinematical variables
journal, June 1995

Chromodynamic corrections to neutrino production of heavy quarks
journal, January 1981

The mellin transform technique for the extraction of the gluon density
journal, March 1996

Evolution of parton densities beyond leading order
journal, November 1980

The four-loop β-function in quantum chromodynamics
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Relativistic deuteron structure function
journal, August 1994

Review of Particle Physics
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NNLO corrections to the total cross section for Higgs boson production in hadron–hadron collisions
journal, August 2003

Heavy quark contributions to deep inelastic scattering
journal, March 1976

Asymptotic Behavior of Non-Abelian Gauge Theories to Two-Loop Order
journal, July 1974

Ultraviolet Behavior of Non-Abelian Gauge Theories
journal, June 1973

Reliable Perturbative Results for Strong Interactions?
journal, June 1973

Measurement of kinematic and nuclear dependence of $R = \frac{σ_{L}}{σ_{T}}$ in deep inelastic electron scattering
journal, June 1994

Higher-order effects in asymptotically free gauge theories
journal, June 1979

The third-order QCD corrections to deep-inelastic scattering by photon exchange
journal, September 2005

Next-to-leading order analysis of the deep inelastic R = σL/σT
journal, April 1991

Second-order contributions to the structure functions in deep inelastic scattering (III). The singlet case
journal, April 1980

Higher-order constraints on the Higgs production rate from fixed-target DIS data
journal, August 2011

Asymptotically free gauge theories. II
journal, February 1974

Deep-inelastic structure functions at two loops
journal, May 2000

Non-singlet QCD analysis of deep inelastic world data at
journal, July 2007

High energy factorization and small-x heavy flavour production
journal, November 1991

The four-loop QCD β-function and anomalous dimensions
journal, March 2005

CT10 next-to-next-to-leading order global analysis of QCD
journal, February 2014

Freedom at moderate energies: Masses in color dynamics
journal, October 1976

Operator products at almost light like distances
journal, July 1971

QED corrections to the evolution of parton distributions
journal, June 2004

Infrared singularities and massive fields
journal, May 1975

Pocket partonometer
journal, May 1986

Higgs boson production at the LHC
journal, October 1995

HERACLES: an event generator for ep interactions at HERA energies including radiative processes
journal, February 1992

The total cross section for the production of heavy quarks in hadronic collisions
journal, July 1988

Singlet parton densities beyond leading order
journal, December 1980

The three-loop QCD β-function and anomalous dimensions
journal, April 1993

Electroproduction scaling in an asymptotically free theory of strong interactions
journal, January 1974

Space- and time-like cut vertices in QCD beyond the leading order—The singlet sector
journal, January 1981

The intrinsic charm of the proton
journal, June 1980

Towards a global analysis of polarized parton distributions
journal, November 2001

A measurement of differential cross-sections and nucleon structure functions in charged-current neutrino interactions on iron
journal, June 1991

Contribution of the second order gluonic Wilson coefficient to the deep inelastic structure function
journal, December 1991

Heavy quark coefficient functions at asymptotic values Q2 ⪢ m2
journal, July 1996

Differences between charged-current coefficient functions
journal, February 2008

Non-singlet QCD analysis of up to NNLO
journal, October 2006

QCD corrections to heavy-quark production in $p \bar{p}$ collisions
journal, July 1989

Higher-order effects in asymptotically free gauge theories: The anomalous dimensions of Wilson operators
journal, October 1977

The one particle inclusive differential cross section for heavy quark production in hadronic collisions
journal, November 1989

Third-order QCD corrections to the charged-current structure function
journal, May 2009

Mellin moments of the heavy flavor contributions to unpolarized deep-inelastic scattering at and anomalous dimensions
journal, October 2009

Heavy quarks in deep-inelastic scattering
journal, July 2010