Controllable 0–π Josephson junctions containing a ferromagnetic spin valve

Gingrich, E. C.; Niedzielski, Bethany M.; Glick, Joseph A.; Wang, Yixing; Miller, D. L.; Loloee, Reza; Pratt, Jr., W. P.; Birge, Norman O.

doi:10.1038/NPHYS3681

Title: Controllable 0–π Josephson junctions containing a ferromagnetic spin valve

Abstract

Superconductivity and ferromagnetism are antagonistic forms of order, and rarely coexist. Many interesting new phenomena occur, however, in hybrid superconducting/ferromagnetic systems. For example, a Josephson junction containing a ferromagnetic material can exhibit an intrinsic phase shift of π in its ground state for certain thicknesses of the material. Such ‘π-junctions’ were first realized experimentally in 2001, and have been proposed as circuit elements for both high-speed classical superconducting computing and for quantum computing. Here we demonstrate experimentally that the phase state of a Josephson junction containing two ferromagnetic layers can be toggled between 0 and pi by changing the relative orientation of the two magnetizations. These controllable 0–π junctions have immediate applications in cryogenic memory, where they serve as a necessary component to an ultralow power superconducting computer. Such a fully superconducting computer is estimated to be orders of magnitude more energy-efficient than current semiconductor-based supercomputers. Here, phase-controllable junctions also open up new possibilities for superconducting circuit elements such as superconducting ‘programmable logic’, where they could function in superconducting analogues to field-programmable gate arrays.

Authors:

Gingrich, E. C. ^[1]; Niedzielski, Bethany M. ^[1]; Glick, Joseph A. ^[1]; Wang, Yixing ^[2]; Miller, D. L. ^[3]; Loloee, Reza ^[1]; Pratt, Jr., W. P. ^[1];

^[1]

Michigan State Univ., East Lansing, MI (United States)
Michigan State Univ., East Lansing, MI (United States); Seagate Technology, Fremont, CA (United States)
Northrop Grumman Systems Corp., Baltimore, MD (United States)

Publication Date:: Mon Mar 14 00:00:00 EDT 2016

Research Org.:: Michigan State Univ., East Lansing, MI (United States)

Sponsoring Org.:: USDOE Office of Science (SC), Basic Energy Sciences (BES)

OSTI Identifier:: 1326398

Grant/Contract Number:: FG02-06ER46341

Resource Type:: Accepted Manuscript

Journal Name:: Nature Physics

Additional Journal Information:: Journal Volume: 12; Journal Issue: 6; Journal ID: ISSN 1745-2473

Publisher:: Nature Publishing Group (NPG)

Country of Publication:: United States

Language:: English

Subject:: 75 CONDENSED MATTER PHYSICS, SUPERCONDUCTIVITY AND SUPERFLUIDITY; ferromagnetism; magnetic properties and materials; superconducting properties and materials

Citation Formats


                    Gingrich, E. C., Niedzielski, Bethany M., Glick, Joseph A., Wang, Yixing, Miller, D. L., Loloee, Reza, Pratt, Jr., W. P., and Birge, Norman O. Controllable 0–π Josephson junctions containing a ferromagnetic spin valve.  United States: N. p., 2016. 
Web.  doi:10.1038/NPHYS3681.

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                    Gingrich, E. C., Niedzielski, Bethany M., Glick, Joseph A., Wang, Yixing, Miller, D. L., Loloee, Reza, Pratt, Jr., W. P., & Birge, Norman O. Controllable 0–π Josephson junctions containing a ferromagnetic spin valve.  United States.  https://doi.org/10.1038/NPHYS3681

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                    Gingrich, E. C., Niedzielski, Bethany M., Glick, Joseph A., Wang, Yixing, Miller, D. L., Loloee, Reza, Pratt, Jr., W. P., and Birge, Norman O. Mon .  
"Controllable 0–π Josephson junctions containing a ferromagnetic spin valve".  United States.  https://doi.org/10.1038/NPHYS3681.  https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1326398.

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@article{osti_1326398,

  title        = {Controllable 0–π Josephson junctions containing a ferromagnetic spin valve},

  author       = {Gingrich, E. C. and Niedzielski, Bethany M. and Glick, Joseph A. and Wang, Yixing and Miller, D. L. and Loloee, Reza and Pratt, Jr., W. P. and Birge, Norman O.},

  abstractNote = {Superconductivity and ferromagnetism are antagonistic forms of order, and rarely coexist. Many interesting new phenomena occur, however, in hybrid superconducting/ferromagnetic systems. For example, a Josephson junction containing a ferromagnetic material can exhibit an intrinsic phase shift of π in its ground state for certain thicknesses of the material. Such ‘π-junctions’ were first realized experimentally in 2001, and have been proposed as circuit elements for both high-speed classical superconducting computing and for quantum computing. Here we demonstrate experimentally that the phase state of a Josephson junction containing two ferromagnetic layers can be toggled between 0 and pi by changing the relative orientation of the two magnetizations. These controllable 0–π junctions have immediate applications in cryogenic memory, where they serve as a necessary component to an ultralow power superconducting computer. Such a fully superconducting computer is estimated to be orders of magnitude more energy-efficient than current semiconductor-based supercomputers. Here, phase-controllable junctions also open up new possibilities for superconducting circuit elements such as superconducting ‘programmable logic’, where they could function in superconducting analogues to field-programmable gate arrays.},

  doi          = {10.1038/NPHYS3681},

  journal      = {Nature Physics},

  number       = 6,

  volume       = 12,

  place        = {United States},

  year         = {Mon Mar 14 00:00:00 EDT 2016},

  month        = {Mon Mar 14 00:00:00 EDT 2016}

}

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Using a spin-parameterized quasiclassical Keldysh-Usadel technique, we theoretically study supercurrent transport in several types of diffusive ferromagnetic (F)/superconducting (S) configurations with differing magnetization textures. We separate out the even- and odd-frequency components of the supercurrent within the low proximity limit and identify the relative contributions from the singlet and triplet channels. We first consider inhomogeneous one-dimensional Josephson structures consisting of a uniform bilayer magnetic S/F/F/S structure and a trilayer S/F/F/F/S configuration, in which case the outer F layers can have either a uniform or conical texture relative to the central uniform F layer. Our results demonstrate that for supercurrents flowingmore »« less
https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4908287
A feasible path for the use of ferromagnetic josephson junctions in quantum circuits: The ferro-transmon

Journal Article Massarotti, D. ; Ahmad, H. G. ; Satariano, R. ; ... - Low Temperature Physics

We discuss the capabilities of ferromagnetic (F) Josephson junctions (JJs) in a variety of layouts and configurations. The main goal is to demonstrate the potential of these hybrid JJs to disclose new physics and the possibility to integrate them in superconducting classical and quantum electronics for various applications. The feasible path towards the use of ferromagnetic Josephson junctions in quantum circuits starts from experiments demonstrating macroscopic quantum tunneling in NbN/GdN/NbN junctions with ferro-insulator barriers and with triplet components of the supercurrent, supported by a self-consistent electrodynamic characterization as a function of the barrier thickness. This has inspired further studies onmore »« less
https://doi.org/10.1063/10.0019690
Amplitude control of the spin-triplet supercurrent in $S / F / S$ Josephson junctions

Journal Article Martinez, William M. ; Pratt, Jr., W. P. ; Birge, Norman O. - Physical Review Letters

Josephson junctions made with conventional s-wave superconductors and containing multiple layers of ferromagnetic materials can carry spin-triplet supercurrent in the presence of certain types of magnetic inhomogeneity. In junctions containing three ferromagnetic layers, the triplet supercurrent is predicted to be maximal when the magnetizations of the adjacent layers are orthogonal, and zero when the magnetizations of any two adjacent layers are parallel. Here we demonstrate on-off control of the spin-triplet supercurrent in such junctions, achieved by rotating the magnetization direction of one of the three layers by 90°. We obtain “on-off” ratios of 5, 7, and 19 for the supercurrentmore »« less
Cited by 35
https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.116.077001

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Title: Controllable 0–π Josephson junctions containing a ferromagnetic spin valve

Abstract

Citation Formats

Coupling of Two Superconductors through a Ferromagnet: Evidence for a π Junction journal, March 2001

Complementary Josephson junction devices and circuits: a possible new approach to superconducting electronics journal, June 1998

Environmentally decoupled sds -wave Josephson junctions for quantum computing journal, April 1999

Design aspects of superconducting-phase quantum bits journal, April 2001

Rapid single-flux quantum logic using π-shifters journal, January 2003

Superconducting π Qubit with a Ferromagnetic Josephson Junction journal, August 2005

A single flux quantum circuit with a ferromagnet-based Josephson π-junction journal, March 2010

Implementation of superconductor/ferromagnet/ superconductor π-shifters in superconducting digital and quantum circuits journal, June 2010

Energy-Efficient Superconducting Computing—Power Budgets and Requirements journal, June 2013

Superconducting proximity effects in magnetic metals journal, June 1997

Controllable Josephson current through a pseudospin-valve structure journal, February 2004

Hybrid superconducting-magnetic memory device using competing order parameters journal, May 2014

Switching at small magnetic fields in Josephson junctions fabricated with ferromagnetic barrier layers journal, January 2014

Spin-Transfer Torque Switching in Nanopillar Superconducting-Magnetic Hybrid Josephson Junctions journal, January 2015

Critical Current Oscillations in Strong Ferromagnetic π Junctions journal, October 2006

Oscillations of the Superconducting Critical Current in Nb-Cu-Ni-Cu-Nb Junctions journal, October 2002

Optimization of Spin-Triplet Supercurrent in Ferromagnetic Josephson Junctions journal, March 2012

Physics and Applications of the Josephson Effect book, July 1982

dc SQUID: Noise and optimization journal, November 1977

Ferromagnetic Josephson switching device with high characteristic voltage journal, May 2012

Superconducting spintronics journal, April 2015

Area-dependence of spin-triplet supercurrent in ferromagnetic Josephson junctions journal, June 2012

S/F/S Josephson junctions with single-domain ferromagnets for memory applications journal, July 2015

Coupling of Two Superconductors through a Ferromagnet text, January 2001

Implementation of superconductor-ferromagnet-superconductor pi-shifters in superconducting digital and quantum circuits text, January 2010

Ferromagnetic Josephson switching device with high characteristic voltage text, January 2012

Coupling of two superconductors through a ferromagnet : evidence for a pi-junction text, January 2000

Oscillations of the superconducting critical current in Nb-Cu-Ni-Cu-Nb junctions text, January 2002

Controllable Josephson current through a pseudo-spin-valve structure text, January 2003

Superconducting pi qubit with a ferromagnetic Josephson junction text, January 2004

Critical Current Oscillations in Strong Ferromagnetic Pi-Junctions text, January 2006

Ferromagnet/Superconductor Hybridization for Magnonic Applications journal, June 2018

Superconductor Electronics: Status and Outlook journal, November 2018

Controlling magnetism journal, January 2017

0–π phase-controllable thermal Josephson junction journal, March 2017

Ballistic superconductivity and tunable π–junctions in InSb quantum wells journal, August 2019

Tuning the 0 − π Josephson junction with a magnetic impurity: Role of tunnel contacts, exchange coupling, e − e interactions and high-spin states journal, March 2018

Field-Tunable 0-π-Transitions in SnTe Topological Crystalline Insulator SQUIDs journal, February 2019

Coexistence of tunneling magnetoresistance and Josephson effects in SFIFS junctions journal, February 2017

Local tuning of the order parameter in superconducting weak links: A zero-inductance nanodevice journal, March 2018

Probing dynamics of micro-magnets with multi-mode superconducting resonator journal, May 2018

Switchable Josephson junction based on interfacial exchange field journal, January 2019

Spin-valve Josephson junctions with perpendicular magnetic anisotropy for cryogenic memory journal, January 2020

Current phase relation from graphs and diagrams and application to thick ferromagnetic Josephson junctions journal, April 2018

Dynamic properties of asymmetric double Josephson junction stack with quasiparticle imbalance journal, May 2019

A compact superconducting nanowire memory element operated by nanowire cryotrons journal, February 2018

Design methodology of single-flux-quantum flip-flops composed of both 0- and π -shifted Josephson junctions journal, August 2018

Phase controllable Josephson junctions for cryogenic memory journal, November 2018

Controlled superconducting vortex creation raises hope for a dissipationless memory device journal, January 2019

Experimental demonstration of a Josephson cryogenic memory cell based on coupled Josephson junction arrays journal, October 2019

Planar Superconductor-Ferromagnet-Superconductor Josephson Junctions as Scanning-Probe Sensors journal, January 2019

Skew Andreev reflection in ferromagnet/superconductor junctions journal, August 2019

Competitive 0 and π states in S/F/S trilayers: Multimode approach journal, September 2019

Josephson current through a ferromagnetic bilayer: Beyond the quasiclassical approximation journal, December 2019

Micromagnetic modeling of critical current oscillations in magnetic Josephson junctions journal, December 2016

Magnetoanisotropic Josephson effect due to interfacial spin-orbit fields in superconductor/ferromagnet/superconductor junctions journal, January 2017

Odd-triplet superconductivity in single-level quantum dots journal, August 2017

Connection between zero-energy Yu-Shiba-Rusinov states and 0 − π transitions in magnetic Josephson junctions journal, October 2018

Supercurrent in ferromagnetic Josephson junctions with heavy-metal interlayers. II. Canted magnetization journal, May 2019

Phase control in a spin-triplet SQUID journal, July 2018

Superconducting exchange coupling between ferromagnets text, January 2016

Periodic Co/Nb pseudo spin valve for cryogenic memory journal, January 2019

Anomalous current–voltage characteristics of SFIFS Josephson junctions with weak ferromagnetic interlayers journal, January 2020

Beyond Moore’s technologies: operation principles of a superconductor alternative journal, January 2017

Tuning of Magnetic Activity in Spin-Filter Josephson Junctions Towards Spin-Triplet Transport. text, January 2019

Connection between zero-energy Yu-Shiba-Rusinov states and 0−π transitions in magnetic Josephson junctions text, January 2018

Field-Tunable 0-π-Transitions in SnTe Topological Crystalline Insulator SQUIDs text, January 2019

Skew Andreev reflection in ferromagnet/superconductor junctions text, January 2019

Andreev rectifier: a nonlocal conductance signature of topological phase transitions text, January 2017

Beyond Moore's technologies: operation principles of a superconductor alternative text, January 2017

Odd-triplet superconductivity in single-level quantum dots text, January 2017

Local tuning of the order parameter in superconducting weak links: A zero-inductance nano device text, January 2017

Spin-valve Josephson junctions for cryogenic memory text, January 2017

Phase Control in a Spin-Triplet SQUID text, January 2018

Planar Superconductor-Ferromagnet-Superconductor Josephson junctions as scanning probe sensors text, January 2018

Periodic Co/Nb pseudo spin-valve for cryogenic memory text, January 2018

Supercurrent in ferromagnetic Josephson junctions with heavy metal interlayers. II. Canted magnetization text, January 2019

Coupling of Two Superconductors through a Ferromagnet: Evidence for a $π$ Junction
journal, March 2001

Complementary Josephson junction devices and circuits: a possible new approach to superconducting electronics
journal, June 1998

Environmentally decoupled sds -wave Josephson junctions for quantum computing
journal, April 1999

Design aspects of superconducting-phase quantum bits
journal, April 2001

Rapid single-flux quantum logic using π-shifters
journal, January 2003

Superconducting $π$ Qubit with a Ferromagnetic Josephson Junction
journal, August 2005

A single flux quantum circuit with a ferromagnet-based Josephson π-junction
journal, March 2010

Implementation of superconductor/ferromagnet/ superconductor π-shifters in superconducting digital and quantum circuits
journal, June 2010

Energy-Efficient Superconducting Computing—Power Budgets and Requirements
journal, June 2013

Superconducting proximity effects in magnetic metals
journal, June 1997

Controllable Josephson current through a pseudospin-valve structure
journal, February 2004

Hybrid superconducting-magnetic memory device using competing order parameters
journal, May 2014

Switching at small magnetic fields in Josephson junctions fabricated with ferromagnetic barrier layers
journal, January 2014

Spin-Transfer Torque Switching in Nanopillar Superconducting-Magnetic Hybrid Josephson Junctions
journal, January 2015

Critical Current Oscillations in Strong Ferromagnetic $π$ Junctions
journal, October 2006

Oscillations of the Superconducting Critical Current in Nb-Cu-Ni-Cu-Nb Junctions
journal, October 2002

Optimization of Spin-Triplet Supercurrent in Ferromagnetic Josephson Junctions
journal, March 2012

Physics and Applications of the Josephson Effect
book, July 1982

dc SQUID: Noise and optimization
journal, November 1977

Ferromagnetic Josephson switching device with high characteristic voltage
journal, May 2012

Superconducting spintronics
journal, April 2015

Area-dependence of spin-triplet supercurrent in ferromagnetic Josephson junctions
journal, June 2012

S/F/S Josephson junctions with single-domain ferromagnets for memory applications
journal, July 2015

Coupling of Two Superconductors through a Ferromagnet
text, January 2001

Implementation of superconductor-ferromagnet-superconductor pi-shifters in superconducting digital and quantum circuits
text, January 2010

Ferromagnetic Josephson switching device with high characteristic voltage
text, January 2012

Coupling of two superconductors through a ferromagnet : evidence for a pi-junction
text, January 2000

Oscillations of the superconducting critical current in Nb-Cu-Ni-Cu-Nb junctions
text, January 2002

Controllable Josephson current through a pseudo-spin-valve structure
text, January 2003

Superconducting pi qubit with a ferromagnetic Josephson junction
text, January 2004

Critical Current Oscillations in Strong Ferromagnetic Pi-Junctions
text, January 2006

Ferromagnet/Superconductor Hybridization for Magnonic Applications
journal, June 2018

Superconductor Electronics: Status and Outlook
journal, November 2018

Controlling magnetism
journal, January 2017

0–π phase-controllable thermal Josephson junction
journal, March 2017

Ballistic superconductivity and tunable π–junctions in InSb quantum wells
journal, August 2019

Tuning the 0 − π Josephson junction with a magnetic impurity: Role of tunnel contacts, exchange coupling, e − e interactions and high-spin states
journal, March 2018

Field-Tunable 0-π-Transitions in SnTe Topological Crystalline Insulator SQUIDs
journal, February 2019

Coexistence of tunneling magnetoresistance and Josephson effects in SFIFS junctions
journal, February 2017

Local tuning of the order parameter in superconducting weak links: A zero-inductance nanodevice
journal, March 2018

Probing dynamics of micro-magnets with multi-mode superconducting resonator
journal, May 2018

Switchable Josephson junction based on interfacial exchange field
journal, January 2019

Spin-valve Josephson junctions with perpendicular magnetic anisotropy for cryogenic memory
journal, January 2020

Current phase relation from graphs and diagrams and application to thick ferromagnetic Josephson junctions
journal, April 2018

Dynamic properties of asymmetric double Josephson junction stack with quasiparticle imbalance
journal, May 2019

A compact superconducting nanowire memory element operated by nanowire cryotrons
journal, February 2018

Design methodology of single-flux-quantum flip-flops composed of both 0- and π -shifted Josephson junctions
journal, August 2018

Phase controllable Josephson junctions for cryogenic memory
journal, November 2018

Controlled superconducting vortex creation raises hope for a dissipationless memory device
journal, January 2019

Experimental demonstration of a Josephson cryogenic memory cell based on coupled Josephson junction arrays
journal, October 2019

Planar Superconductor-Ferromagnet-Superconductor Josephson Junctions as Scanning-Probe Sensors
journal, January 2019

Skew Andreev reflection in ferromagnet/superconductor junctions
journal, August 2019

Competitive 0 and $π$ states in S/F/S trilayers: Multimode approach
journal, September 2019

Josephson current through a ferromagnetic bilayer: Beyond the quasiclassical approximation
journal, December 2019

Micromagnetic modeling of critical current oscillations in magnetic Josephson junctions
journal, December 2016

Magnetoanisotropic Josephson effect due to interfacial spin-orbit fields in superconductor/ferromagnet/superconductor junctions
journal, January 2017

Odd-triplet superconductivity in single-level quantum dots
journal, August 2017

Connection between zero-energy Yu-Shiba-Rusinov states and $0 − π$ transitions in magnetic Josephson junctions
journal, October 2018

Supercurrent in ferromagnetic Josephson junctions with heavy-metal interlayers. II. Canted magnetization
journal, May 2019

Phase control in a spin-triplet SQUID
journal, July 2018

Superconducting exchange coupling between ferromagnets
text, January 2016

Periodic Co/Nb pseudo spin valve for cryogenic memory
journal, January 2019

Anomalous current–voltage characteristics of SFIFS Josephson junctions with weak ferromagnetic interlayers
journal, January 2020

Beyond Moore’s technologies: operation principles of a superconductor alternative
journal, January 2017

Tuning of Magnetic Activity in Spin-Filter Josephson Junctions Towards Spin-Triplet Transport.
text, January 2019

Connection between zero-energy Yu-Shiba-Rusinov states and 0−π transitions in magnetic Josephson junctions
text, January 2018

Field-Tunable 0-π-Transitions in SnTe Topological Crystalline Insulator SQUIDs
text, January 2019

Skew Andreev reflection in ferromagnet/superconductor junctions
text, January 2019

Andreev rectifier: a nonlocal conductance signature of topological phase transitions
text, January 2017

Beyond Moore's technologies: operation principles of a superconductor alternative
text, January 2017

Odd-triplet superconductivity in single-level quantum dots
text, January 2017

Local tuning of the order parameter in superconducting weak links: A zero-inductance nano device
text, January 2017

Spin-valve Josephson junctions for cryogenic memory
text, January 2017

Phase Control in a Spin-Triplet SQUID
text, January 2018

Planar Superconductor-Ferromagnet-Superconductor Josephson junctions as scanning probe sensors
text, January 2018

Periodic Co/Nb pseudo spin-valve for cryogenic memory
text, January 2018

Supercurrent in ferromagnetic Josephson junctions with heavy metal interlayers. II. Canted magnetization
text, January 2019

Skew Andreev reflection in ferromagnet/superconductor junctions
text, January 2019

Josephson current through a ferromagnetic bilayer: Beyond the quasiclassical approximation
text, January 2019

Anomalous current-voltage characteristics of SFIFS Josephson junctions with weak ferromagnetic interlayers
text, January 2020