Search Menu
DOE PAGES title logo U.S. Department of Energy
Office of Scientific and Technical Information
Search Scholarly Publications

Title: Presence of Li clusters in molten LiCl-Li

Abstract

Molten mixtures of lithium chloride and metallic lithium are of significant interest in various metal oxide reduction processes. These solutions have been reported to exhibit seemingly anomalous physical characteristics that lack a comprehensive explanation. ln the current work, the physical chemistry of molten solutions of lithium chloride and metallic lithium, with and without lithium oxide, was investigated using in situ Raman spectroscopy. The Raman spectra obtained from these solutions were in agreement with the previously reported spectrum of the lithium cluster, Li8. Furthermore, this observation is indicative of a nanofluid type colloidal suspension of Li8, in a molten salt matrix. It is suggested that the formation and suspension of lithium clusters in lithium chloride is the cause of various phenomena exhibited by these solutions that were previously unexplainable.

Authors:
 [1];  [1];  [2];  [2];  [2];  [1]
+ Show Author Affiliations
  1. Univ. of Nevada, Reno, NV (United States)
  2. Argonne National Lab. (ANL), Argonne, IL (United States)
Publication Date:
Research Org.:
Argonne National Laboratory (ANL), Argonne, IL (United States)
Sponsoring Org.:
U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC); USDOE Office of Nuclear Energy (NE)
OSTI Identifier:
1307568
Grant/Contract Number:  
AC02-06CH11357
Resource Type:
Accepted Manuscript
Journal Name:
Scientific Reports
Additional Journal Information:
Journal Volume: 6; Journal ID: ISSN 2045-2322
Publisher:
Nature Publishing Group
Country of Publication:
United States
Language:
English
Subject:
37 INORGANIC, ORGANIC, PHYSICAL, AND ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY

Citation Formats

Merwin, Augustus, Phillips, William C., Williamson, Mark A., Willit, James L., Motsegood, Perry N., and Chidambaram, Dev. Presence of Li clusters in molten LiCl-Li. United States: N. p., 2016. Web. doi:10.1038/srep25435.
Copy to clipboard
Merwin, Augustus, Phillips, William C., Williamson, Mark A., Willit, James L., Motsegood, Perry N., & Chidambaram, Dev. Presence of Li clusters in molten LiCl-Li. United States. https://doi.org/10.1038/srep25435
Copy to clipboard
Merwin, Augustus, Phillips, William C., Williamson, Mark A., Willit, James L., Motsegood, Perry N., and Chidambaram, Dev. Thu . "Presence of Li clusters in molten LiCl-Li". United States. https://doi.org/10.1038/srep25435. https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1307568.
Copy to clipboard
@article{osti_1307568,
title = {Presence of Li clusters in molten LiCl-Li},
author = {Merwin, Augustus and Phillips, William C. and Williamson, Mark A. and Willit, James L. and Motsegood, Perry N. and Chidambaram, Dev},
abstractNote = {Molten mixtures of lithium chloride and metallic lithium are of significant interest in various metal oxide reduction processes. These solutions have been reported to exhibit seemingly anomalous physical characteristics that lack a comprehensive explanation. ln the current work, the physical chemistry of molten solutions of lithium chloride and metallic lithium, with and without lithium oxide, was investigated using in situ Raman spectroscopy. The Raman spectra obtained from these solutions were in agreement with the previously reported spectrum of the lithium cluster, Li8. Furthermore, this observation is indicative of a nanofluid type colloidal suspension of Li8, in a molten salt matrix. It is suggested that the formation and suspension of lithium clusters in lithium chloride is the cause of various phenomena exhibited by these solutions that were previously unexplainable.},
doi = {10.1038/srep25435},
journal = {Scientific Reports},
number = ,
volume = 6,
place = {United States},
year = {Thu May 05 00:00:00 EDT 2016},
month = {Thu May 05 00:00:00 EDT 2016}
}
Copy to clipboard
Journal Article:
Free Publicly Available Full Text
Publisher's Version of Record
https://doi.org/10.1038/srep25435
Copyright Statement
Other availability
Search WorldCat Search WorldCat to find libraries that may hold this journal
Citation Metrics:
Cited by: 24 works
Citation information provided by
Web of Science
Save / Share:
Export Metadata
Save to My Library
You must Sign In or Create an Account in order to save documents to your library.

Works referenced in this record:

Electrical Conductivities of Molten Bi–BiI 3 Solutions
journal, April 1963

  • Grantham, L. F.; Yosim, S. J.
  • The Journal of Chemical Physics, Vol. 38, Issue 7
  • DOI: 10.1063/1.1776939

Measurements of lithium cluster ionization potentials
journal, September 1992

Electrochemical reduction of porous 17kg uranium oxide pellets by selection of an optimal cathode/anode surface area ratio
journal, November 2011

The physics of simple metal clusters: experimental aspects and simple models
journal, July 1993

The Dissolution of Lithium in Molten Lithium Chloride
journal, January 1974

Thermal activated (“thermal”) battery technology
journal, March 2008

Fluorodilithium(1+) and hydroxodilithium(1+) in molten alkali-metal nitrate
journal, September 1990

  • Bengtsson, L.; Holmberg, Bertil; Ulvenlund, S.
  • Inorganic Chemistry, Vol. 29, Issue 18
  • DOI: 10.1021/ic00343a060

Silicon powder production by electrochemical reduction of SiO2 in molten LiCl–Li2O
journal, September 2008

  • Lee, Su-Chul; Hur, Jin-Mok; Seo, Chung-Seok
  • Journal of Industrial and Engineering Chemistry, Vol. 14, Issue 5
  • DOI: 10.1016/j.jiec.2008.04.010

Miscibility of Lithium with Lithium Chloride and Lithium Chloride–Potassium Chloride Eutectic Mixture
journal, August 1974

  • Nakajima, Tsuyoshi; Minami, Ryohei; Nakanishi, Koichiro
  • Bulletin of the Chemical Society of Japan, Vol. 47, Issue 8
  • DOI: 10.1246/bcsj.47.2071

Equilibrium geometries of low-lying isomers of some Li clusters, within Hartree–Fock theory plus bond order or MP2 correlation corrections
journal, June 2004

  • Grassi, A.; Lombardo, G. M.; Angilella, G. G. N.
  • The Journal of Chemical Physics, Vol. 120, Issue 24
  • DOI: 10.1063/1.1729954

Vacuum ultraviolet absorption and ion track effects in LiF crystals irradiated with swift ions
journal, December 2002

Effect of aging on microstructure and mechanical properties of cobalt free 18%Ni (250 grade) maraging steel
journal, January 1998

  • Sinha, P. P.; Tharian, K. T.; Sreekumar, K.
  • Materials Science and Technology, Vol. 14, Issue 1
  • DOI: 10.1179/mst.1998.14.1.1

Thermal activated (thermal) battery technology
journal, January 2007

Ab initio GW quasiparticle calculation of small alkali-metal clusters
journal, May 2002

Nanocluster Formation in Electron-Irradiated L i 2 O Crystals Observed by Elastic Diffuse Neutron Scattering
journal, September 2003

The Electrical Conductivity of Solutions of Alkali Metals in their Molten Halides 1
journal, May 1958

  • Bronstein, H. R.; Bredig, M. A.
  • Journal of the American Chemical Society, Vol. 80, Issue 9
  • DOI: 10.1021/ja01542a014

Influence of Some Factors upon Electrodeposition of Liquid Li and Mg
conference, January 2009

  • Takenaka, Toshihide; Shigeta, Kouji; Masuhama, Hiroshi
  • 214th ECS Meeting, ECS Transactions
  • DOI: 10.1149/1.3159348

[融解塩系におけるエマルジョンに関する研究　ＩＩ　　種々の融解塩への金属リチウムの分散]<span class="fa fa-external-link" aria-hidden="true"></span></a> <small class="text-muted" style="text-transform:uppercase; font-size:0.75rem;"><br/> <span class="type">journal</span>, <span class="date" data-date="1975-01-01">January 1975</span></small> </h2> <ul class="small references-list" style="list-style-type:none; margin-top: 0.5em; padding-left: 0; line-height:1.8em;"> <li> <span style="color:#5C7B2D;"> Nakajima, Tsuyoshi; Nakanishi, Koichiro; Watanabe, Nobuatsu</span> </li> <li> NIPPON KAGAKU KAISHI, Issue 4</li> <li> <span class="text-muted related-url">DOI: <a href="https://doi.org/10.1246/nikkashi.1975.617" class="text-muted" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">10.1246/nikkashi.1975.617<span class="fa fa-external-link" aria-hidden="true"></span></a></span> </li> </ul> <hr/> </div> <div> <h2 class="title" style="margin-bottom:0;" data-apporder=""> <a href="https://doi.org/10.1002/rcm.896" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" class="name">Ionization energies of hypervalent Li2F, Li2Cl and Na2Cl molecules obtained by surface ionization electron impact neutralization mass spectrometry<span class="fa fa-external-link" aria-hidden="true"></span></a> <small class="text-muted" style="text-transform:uppercase; font-size:0.75rem;"><br/> <span class="type">journal</span>, <span class="date" data-date="2003-01-01">January 2003</span></small> </h2> <ul class="small references-list" style="list-style-type:none; margin-top: 0.5em; padding-left: 0; line-height:1.8em;"> <li> <span style="color:#5C7B2D;"> Ne?kovi?, Olivera M.; Veljkovi?, Miomir V.; Veli?kovi?, Suzana R.</span> </li> <li> Rapid Communications in Mass Spectrometry, Vol. 17, Issue 3</li> <li> <span class="text-muted related-url">DOI: <a href="https://doi.org/10.1002/rcm.896" class="text-muted" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">10.1002/rcm.896<span class="fa fa-external-link" aria-hidden="true"></span></a></span> </li> </ul> <hr/> </div> <div> <h2 class="title" style="margin-bottom:0;" data-apporder=""> <a href="https://doi.org/10.1007/bf01029594" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" class="name">Electronic conductivity of salt-rich Li?LiCl melts<span class="fa fa-external-link" aria-hidden="true"></span></a> <small class="text-muted" style="text-transform:uppercase; font-size:0.75rem;"><br/> <span class="type">journal</span>, <span class="date" data-date="1992-11-01">November 1992</span></small> </h2> <ul class="small references-list" style="list-style-type:none; margin-top: 0.5em; padding-left: 0; line-height:1.8em;"> <li> <span style="color:#5C7B2D;"> Liu, J.; Poignet, J. -C.</span> </li> <li> Journal of Applied Electrochemistry, Vol. 22, Issue 11</li> <li> <span class="text-muted related-url">DOI: <a href="https://doi.org/10.1007/bf01029594" class="text-muted" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">10.1007/bf01029594<span class="fa fa-external-link" aria-hidden="true"></span></a></span> </li> </ul> <hr/> </div> <div> <h2 class="title" style="margin-bottom:0;" data-apporder=""> <a href="https://doi.org/10.1246/bcsj.49.994" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" class="name">Study of Emulsions in Molten Salts. III. The Concentration, Stability and Particle-Size Distribution of Dispersed Lithium in Molten Lithium Chloride<span class="fa fa-external-link" aria-hidden="true"></span></a> <small class="text-muted" style="text-transform:uppercase; font-size:0.75rem;"><br/> <span class="type">journal</span>, <span class="date" data-date="1976-04-01">April 1976</span></small> </h2> <ul class="small references-list" style="list-style-type:none; margin-top: 0.5em; padding-left: 0; line-height:1.8em;"> <li> <span style="color:#5C7B2D;"> Nakajima, Tsuyoshi; Nakanishi, Koichiro; Watanabe, Nobuatsu</span> </li> <li> Bulletin of the Chemical Society of Japan, Vol. 49, Issue 4</li> <li> <span class="text-muted related-url">DOI: <a href="https://doi.org/10.1246/bcsj.49.994" class="text-muted" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">10.1246/bcsj.49.994<span class="fa fa-external-link" aria-hidden="true"></span></a></span> </li> </ul> <hr/> </div> <div> <h2 class="title" style="margin-bottom:0;" data-apporder=""> <a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.radphyschem.2015.02.009" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" class="name">Recombination gamma-luminescence at the nanometal Li – dielectric LiF interfaces<span class="fa fa-external-link" aria-hidden="true"></span></a> <small class="text-muted" style="text-transform:uppercase; font-size:0.75rem;"><br/> <span class="type">journal</span>, <span class="date" data-date="2015-06-01">June 2015</span></small> </h2> <ul class="small references-list" style="list-style-type:none; margin-top: 0.5em; padding-left: 0; line-height:1.8em;"> <li> <span style="color:#5C7B2D;"> Ibragimova, E. M.; Mussaeva, M. A.; Buzrikov, Sh. N.</span> </li> <li> Radiation Physics and Chemistry, Vol. 111</li> <li> <span class="text-muted related-url">DOI: <a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.radphyschem.2015.02.009" class="text-muted" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">10.1016/j.radphyschem.2015.02.009<span class="fa fa-external-link" aria-hidden="true"></span></a></span> </li> </ul> <hr/> </div> <div> <h2 class="title" style="margin-bottom:0;" data-apporder=""> <a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jnucmat.2013.06.009" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" class="name">An experimental study for Li recycling in an electrolytic reduction process for UO2 with a Li2O–LiCl molten salt<span class="fa fa-external-link" aria-hidden="true"></span></a> <small class="text-muted" style="text-transform:uppercase; font-size:0.75rem;"><br/> <span class="type">journal</span>, <span class="date" data-date="2013-10-01">October 2013</span></small> </h2> <ul class="small references-list" style="list-style-type:none; margin-top: 0.5em; padding-left: 0; line-height:1.8em;"> <li> <span style="color:#5C7B2D;"> Park, Wooshin; Hur, Jin-Mok; Hong, Sun-Seok</span> </li> <li> Journal of Nuclear Materials, Vol. 441, Issue 1-3</li> <li> <span class="text-muted related-url">DOI: <a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jnucmat.2013.06.009" class="text-muted" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">10.1016/j.jnucmat.2013.06.009<span class="fa fa-external-link" aria-hidden="true"></span></a></span> </li> </ul> <hr/> </div> <div> <h2 class="title" style="margin-bottom:0;" data-apporder=""> <a href="https://doi.org/10.1021/j150523a012" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" class="name">Determination of the Vapor Pressure of Sodium<span class="fa fa-external-link" aria-hidden="true"></span></a> <small class="text-muted" style="text-transform:uppercase; font-size:0.75rem;"><br/> <span class="type">journal</span>, <span class="date" data-date="1955-01-01">January 1955</span></small> </h2> <ul class="small references-list" style="list-style-type:none; margin-top: 0.5em; padding-left: 0; line-height:1.8em;"> <li> <span style="color:#5C7B2D;"> Makansi, M. M.; Muendel, C. H.; Selke, W. A.</span> </li> <li> The Journal of Physical Chemistry, Vol. 59, Issue 1</li> <li> <span class="text-muted related-url">DOI: <a href="https://doi.org/10.1021/j150523a012" class="text-muted" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">10.1021/j150523a012<span class="fa fa-external-link" aria-hidden="true"></span></a></span> </li> </ul> <hr/> </div> <div> <h2 class="title" style="margin-bottom:0;" data-apporder=""> <a href="https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevB.35.9437" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" class="name">Systematic ab initio configuration-interaction study of alkali-metal clusters: Relation between electronic structure and geometry of small Li clusters<span class="fa fa-external-link" aria-hidden="true"></span></a> <small class="text-muted" style="text-transform:uppercase; font-size:0.75rem;"><br/> <span class="type">journal</span>, <span class="date" data-date="1987-06-01">June 1987</span></small> </h2> <ul class="small references-list" style="list-style-type:none; margin-top: 0.5em; padding-left: 0; line-height:1.8em;"> <li> <span style="color:#5C7B2D;"> Boustani, I.; Pewestorf, W.; Fantucci, P.</span> </li> <li> Physical Review B, Vol. 35, Issue 18</li> <li> <span class="text-muted related-url">DOI: <a href="https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevB.35.9437" class="text-muted" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">10.1103/PhysRevB.35.9437<span class="fa fa-external-link" aria-hidden="true"></span></a></span> </li> </ul> <hr/> </div> <div> <h2 class="title" style="margin-bottom:0;" data-apporder=""> <a href="https://doi.org/10.1063/1.1555800" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" class="name">Raman spectroscopic investigation of small matrix-isolated lithium clusters<span class="fa fa-external-link" aria-hidden="true"></span></a> <small class="text-muted" style="text-transform:uppercase; font-size:0.75rem;"><br/> <span class="type">journal</span>, <span class="date" data-date="2003-04-15">April 2003</span></small> </h2> <ul class="small references-list" style="list-style-type:none; margin-top: 0.5em; padding-left: 0; line-height:1.8em;"> <li> <span style="color:#5C7B2D;"> Kornath, Andreas; Kaufmann, Alexander; Zoermer, Anja</span> </li> <li> The Journal of Chemical Physics, Vol. 118, Issue 15</li> <li> <span class="text-muted related-url">DOI: <a href="https://doi.org/10.1063/1.1555800" class="text-muted" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">10.1063/1.1555800<span class="fa fa-external-link" aria-hidden="true"></span></a></span> </li> </ul> <hr/> </div> <div> <h2 class="title" style="margin-bottom:0;" data-apporder=""> <a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpowsour.2007.11.017" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" class="name">Thermal activated (“thermal”) battery technology<span class="fa fa-external-link" aria-hidden="true"></span></a> <small class="text-muted" style="text-transform:uppercase; font-size:0.75rem;"><br/> <span class="type">journal</span>, <span class="date" data-date="2008-03-01">March 2008</span></small> </h2> <ul class="small references-list" style="list-style-type:none; margin-top: 0.5em; padding-left: 0; line-height:1.8em;"> <li> <span style="color:#5C7B2D;"> Masset, Patrick J.; Guidotti, Ronald A.</span> </li> <li> Journal of Power Sources, Vol. 177, Issue 2</li> <li> <span class="text-muted related-url">DOI: <a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpowsour.2007.11.017" class="text-muted" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">10.1016/j.jpowsour.2007.11.017<span class="fa fa-external-link" aria-hidden="true"></span></a></span> </li> </ul> <hr/> </div> <div> <h2 class="title" style="margin-bottom:0;" data-apporder=""> <a href="https://doi.org/10.1002/bbpc.19840880337" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" class="name">Raman Measurements of Matrix-Isolated Small Metal Clusters<span class="fa fa-external-link" aria-hidden="true"></span></a> <small class="text-muted" style="text-transform:uppercase; font-size:0.75rem;"><br/> <span class="type">journal</span>, <span class="date" data-date="1984-03-01">March 1984</span></small> </h2> <ul class="small references-list" style="list-style-type:none; margin-top: 0.5em; padding-left: 0; line-height:1.8em;"> <li> <span style="color:#5C7B2D;"> Froben, F. W.; Schulze, W.</span> </li> <li> Berichte der Bunsengesellschaft für physikalische Chemie, Vol. 88, Issue 3</li> <li> <span class="text-muted related-url">DOI: <a href="https://doi.org/10.1002/bbpc.19840880337" class="text-muted" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">10.1002/bbpc.19840880337<span class="fa fa-external-link" aria-hidden="true"></span></a></span> </li> </ul> <hr/> </div> <div> <h2 class="title" style="margin-bottom:0;" data-apporder=""> <a href="https://doi.org/10.1002/rcm.2712" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" class="name">Ionization energies of LinX (n = 2, 3; X = Cl, Br, I) molecules<span class="fa fa-external-link" aria-hidden="true"></span></a> <small class="text-muted" style="text-transform:uppercase; font-size:0.75rem;"><br/> <span class="type">journal</span>, <span class="date" data-date="2006-01-01">January 2006</span></small> </h2> <ul class="small references-list" style="list-style-type:none; margin-top: 0.5em; padding-left: 0; line-height:1.8em;"> <li> <span style="color:#5C7B2D;"> Veličković, Suzana; Djordjević, Vesna; Cvetićanin, Jelena</span> </li> <li> Rapid Communications in Mass Spectrometry, Vol. 20, Issue 20</li> <li> <span class="text-muted related-url">DOI: <a href="https://doi.org/10.1002/rcm.2712" class="text-muted" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">10.1002/rcm.2712<span class="fa fa-external-link" aria-hidden="true"></span></a></span> </li> </ul> <hr/> </div> <div> <h2 class="title" style="margin-bottom:0;" data-apporder=""> <a href="https://doi.org/10.1149/ma2008-02/49/3058" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" class="name">Influence of Some Factors upon Electrodeposition of Liquid Li and Mg<span class="fa fa-external-link" aria-hidden="true"></span></a> <small class="text-muted" style="text-transform:uppercase; font-size:0.75rem;"><br/> <span class="type">journal</span>, <span class="date" data-date="2008-08-29">August 2008</span></small> </h2> <ul class="small references-list" style="list-style-type:none; margin-top: 0.5em; padding-left: 0; line-height:1.8em;"> <li> <span style="color:#5C7B2D;"> Takenaka, Toshihide; Shigeta, Kouji; Masuhama, Hiroshi</span> </li> <li> ECS Meeting Abstracts, Vol. MA2008-02, Issue 49, p. 3058-3058</li> <li> <span class="text-muted related-url">DOI: <a href="https://doi.org/10.1149/ma2008-02/49/3058" class="text-muted" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">10.1149/ma2008-02/49/3058<span class="fa fa-external-link" aria-hidden="true"></span></a></span> </li> </ul> <hr/> </div> <div> <h2 class="title" style="margin-bottom:0;" data-apporder=""> <a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/S0022-3093(96)00425-5" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" class="name">Electronic structure of metal-molten salt solutions: Electron localization and the metal-non-metal transition<span class="fa fa-external-link" aria-hidden="true"></span></a> <small class="text-muted" style="text-transform:uppercase; font-size:0.75rem;"><br/> <span class="type">journal</span>, <span class="date" data-date="1996-10-01">October 1996</span></small> </h2> <ul class="small references-list" style="list-style-type:none; margin-top: 0.5em; padding-left: 0; line-height:1.8em;"> <li> <span style="color:#5C7B2D;"> Beck, U.; Koslowski, Th.; Freyland, W.</span> </li> <li> Journal of Non-Crystalline Solids, Vol. 205-207</li> <li> <span class="text-muted related-url">DOI: <a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/S0022-3093(96)00425-5" class="text-muted" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">10.1016/S0022-3093(96)00425-5<span class="fa fa-external-link" aria-hidden="true"></span></a></span> </li> </ul> <hr/> </div> <div> <h2 class="title" style="margin-bottom:0;" data-apporder=""> <a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jallcom.2007.02.057" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" class="name">Preparation of metallic niobium from niobium pentoxide by an indirect electrochemical reduction in a LiCl-Li2O molten salt<span class="fa fa-external-link" aria-hidden="true"></span></a> <small class="text-muted" style="text-transform:uppercase; font-size:0.75rem;"><br/> <span class="type">journal</span>, <span class="date" data-date="2008-03-01">March 2008</span></small> </h2> <ul class="small references-list" style="list-style-type:none; margin-top: 0.5em; padding-left: 0; line-height:1.8em;"> <li> <span style="color:#5C7B2D;"> Jeong, Sang Mun; Yoo, Hui Yong; Hur, Jin-Mok</span> </li> <li> Journal of Alloys and Compounds, Vol. 452, Issue 1</li> <li> <span class="text-muted related-url">DOI: <a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jallcom.2007.02.057" class="text-muted" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">10.1016/j.jallcom.2007.02.057<span class="fa fa-external-link" aria-hidden="true"></span></a></span> </li> </ul> <hr/> </div> <div> <h2 class="title" style="margin-bottom:0;" data-apporder=""> <a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/S0166-1280(97)00323-0" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" class="name">Computational investigations of the liquid lithium/(LiCl-KCl eutectic melt) interface<span class="fa fa-external-link" aria-hidden="true"></span></a> <small class="text-muted" style="text-transform:uppercase; font-size:0.75rem;"><br/> <span class="type">journal</span>, <span class="date" data-date="1998-03-01">March 1998</span></small> </h2> <ul class="small references-list" style="list-style-type:none; margin-top: 0.5em; padding-left: 0; line-height:1.8em;"> <li> <span style="color:#5C7B2D;"> Hébant, Pascal; Picard, Gérard S.</span> </li> <li> Journal of Molecular Structure: THEOCHEM, Vol. 426, Issue 1-3</li> <li> <span class="text-muted related-url">DOI: <a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/S0166-1280(97)00323-0" class="text-muted" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">10.1016/S0166-1280(97)00323-0<span class="fa fa-external-link" aria-hidden="true"></span></a></span> </li> </ul> <hr/> </div> <div> <h2 class="title" style="margin-bottom:0;" data-apporder=""> <a href="https://doi.org/10.1021/j150523a012" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" class="name">Determination of the Vapor Pressure of Sodium<span class="fa fa-external-link" aria-hidden="true"></span></a> <small class="text-muted" style="text-transform:uppercase; font-size:0.75rem;"><br/> <span class="type">journal</span>, <span class="date" data-date="1955-01-01">January 1955</span></small> </h2> <ul class="small references-list" style="list-style-type:none; margin-top: 0.5em; padding-left: 0; line-height:1.8em;"> <li> <span style="color:#5C7B2D;"> Makansi, M. M.; Muendel, C. H.; Selke, W. A.</span> </li> <li> The Journal of Physical Chemistry, Vol. 59, Issue 1</li> <li> <span class="text-muted related-url">DOI: <a href="https://doi.org/10.1021/j150523a012" class="text-muted" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">10.1021/j150523a012<span class="fa fa-external-link" aria-hidden="true"></span></a></span> </li> </ul> <hr/> </div> <div> <h2 class="title" style="margin-bottom:0;" data-apporder=""> <a href="https://doi.org/10.1021/j100809a517" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" class="name">MISCIBILITY OF METALS WITH SALTS. VI. LITHIUM-LITHIUM HALIDE SYSTEMS <sup>1</sup><span class="fa fa-external-link" aria-hidden="true"></span></a> <small class="text-muted" style="text-transform:uppercase; font-size:0.75rem;"><br/> <span class="type">journal</span>, <span class="date" data-date="1962-03-01">March 1962</span></small> </h2> <ul class="small references-list" style="list-style-type:none; margin-top: 0.5em; padding-left: 0; line-height:1.8em;"> <li> <span style="color:#5C7B2D;"> Dworkin, A. S.; Bronstein, H. R.; Bredig, M. A.</span> </li> <li> The Journal of Physical Chemistry, Vol. 66, Issue 3</li> <li> <span class="text-muted related-url">DOI: <a href="https://doi.org/10.1021/j100809a517" class="text-muted" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">10.1021/j100809a517<span class="fa fa-external-link" aria-hidden="true"></span></a></span> </li> </ul> <hr/> </div> <div> <h2 class="title" style="margin-bottom:0;" data-apporder=""> <a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/0022-3093(90)90607-N" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" class="name">Bulk and surface characteristics of metal-molten salt solutions<span class="fa fa-external-link" aria-hidden="true"></span></a> <small class="text-muted" style="text-transform:uppercase; font-size:0.75rem;"><br/> <span class="type">journal</span>, <span class="date" data-date="1990-02-01">February 1990</span></small> </h2> <ul class="small references-list" style="list-style-type:none; margin-top: 0.5em; padding-left: 0; line-height:1.8em;"> <li> <span style="color:#5C7B2D;"> Freyland, Werner</span> </li> <li> Journal of Non-Crystalline Solids, Vol. 117-118</li> <li> <span class="text-muted related-url">DOI: <a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/0022-3093(90)90607-N" class="text-muted" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">10.1016/0022-3093(90)90607-N<span class="fa fa-external-link" aria-hidden="true"></span></a></span> </li> </ul> <hr/> </div> <div> <h2 class="title" style="margin-bottom:0;" data-apporder=""> <a href="https://doi.org/10.1002/rcm.6122" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" class="name">Formation and ionization energies of small chlorine-doped lithium clusters by thermal ionization mass spectrometry: TIMS study of small chlorine-doped lithium clusters<span class="fa fa-external-link" aria-hidden="true"></span></a> <small class="text-muted" style="text-transform:uppercase; font-size:0.75rem;"><br/> <span class="type">journal</span>, <span class="date" data-date="2012-01-12">January 2012</span></small> </h2> <ul class="small references-list" style="list-style-type:none; margin-top: 0.5em; padding-left: 0; line-height:1.8em;"> <li> <span style="color:#5C7B2D;"> Veličković, S. R.; Djustebek, J. B.; Veljković, F. M.</span> </li> <li> Rapid Communications in Mass Spectrometry, Vol. 26, Issue 4</li> <li> <span class="text-muted related-url">DOI: <a href="https://doi.org/10.1002/rcm.6122" class="text-muted" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">10.1002/rcm.6122<span class="fa fa-external-link" aria-hidden="true"></span></a></span> </li> </ul> <hr/> </div> <div> <h2 class="title" style="margin-bottom:0;" data-apporder=""> <a href="https://doi.org/10.1246/cl.2007.1028" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" class="name">Electrochemical Reduction of TiO 2 in Molten LiCl–Li 2 O<span class="fa fa-external-link" aria-hidden="true"></span></a> <small class="text-muted" style="text-transform:uppercase; font-size:0.75rem;"><br/> <span class="type">journal</span>, <span class="date" data-date="2007-08-05">August 2007</span></small> </h2> <ul class="small references-list" style="list-style-type:none; margin-top: 0.5em; padding-left: 0; line-height:1.8em;"> <li> <span style="color:#5C7B2D;"> Hur, Jin-Mok; Lee, Su-Chul; Jeong, Sang-Mun</span> </li> <li> Chemistry Letters, Vol. 36, Issue 8</li> <li> <span class="text-muted related-url">DOI: <a href="https://doi.org/10.1246/cl.2007.1028" class="text-muted" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">10.1246/cl.2007.1028<span class="fa fa-external-link" aria-hidden="true"></span></a></span> </li> </ul> <hr/> </div> <div> <h2 class="title" style="margin-bottom:0;" data-apporder=""> <a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/S0168-583X(02)00535-9" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" class="name">Li colloids created by electron-irradiation of LiF: A great wealth of properties<span class="fa fa-external-link" aria-hidden="true"></span></a> <small class="text-muted" style="text-transform:uppercase; font-size:0.75rem;"><br/> <span class="type">journal</span>, <span class="date" data-date="2002-05-01">May 2002</span></small> </h2> <ul class="small references-list" style="list-style-type:none; margin-top: 0.5em; padding-left: 0; line-height:1.8em;"> <li> <span style="color:#5C7B2D;"> Beuneu, F.; Vajda, P.; Zogal, O. J.</span> </li> <li> Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section B: Beam Interactions with Materials and Atoms, Vol. 191, Issue 1-4</li> <li> <span class="text-muted related-url">DOI: <a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/S0168-583X(02)00535-9" class="text-muted" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">10.1016/S0168-583X(02)00535-9<span class="fa fa-external-link" aria-hidden="true"></span></a></span> </li> </ul> <hr/> </div> <div> <h2 class="title" style="margin-bottom:0;" data-apporder=""> <a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jallcom.2006.05.139" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" class="name">Characteristics of an electrochemical reduction of Ta2O5 for the preparation of metallic tantalum in a LiCl–Li2O molten salt<span class="fa fa-external-link" aria-hidden="true"></span></a> <small class="text-muted" style="text-transform:uppercase; font-size:0.75rem;"><br/> <span class="type">journal</span>, <span class="date" data-date="2007-08-01">August 2007</span></small> </h2> <ul class="small references-list" style="list-style-type:none; margin-top: 0.5em; padding-left: 0; line-height:1.8em;"> <li> <span style="color:#5C7B2D;"> Jeong, Sang Mun; Jung, Jin-Young; Seo, Chung-Seok</span> </li> <li> Journal of Alloys and Compounds, Vol. 440, Issue 1-2</li> <li> <span class="text-muted related-url">DOI: <a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jallcom.2006.05.139" class="text-muted" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">10.1016/j.jallcom.2006.05.139<span class="fa fa-external-link" aria-hidden="true"></span></a></span> </li> </ul> <hr/> </div> <div> <h2 class="title" style="margin-bottom:0;" data-apporder=""> <a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jnucmat.2013.09.061" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" class="name">Electrochemical reduction of UO2 in LiCl–Li2O molten salt using porous and nonporous anode shrouds<span class="fa fa-external-link" aria-hidden="true"></span></a> <small class="text-muted" style="text-transform:uppercase; font-size:0.75rem;"><br/> <span class="type">journal</span>, <span class="date" data-date="2014-01-01">January 2014</span></small> </h2> <ul class="small references-list" style="list-style-type:none; margin-top: 0.5em; padding-left: 0; line-height:1.8em;"> <li> <span style="color:#5C7B2D;"> Choi, Eun-Young; Won, Chan Yeon; Cha, Ju-Sun</span> </li> <li> Journal of Nuclear Materials, Vol. 444, Issue 1-3</li> <li> <span class="text-muted related-url">DOI: <a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jnucmat.2013.09.061" class="text-muted" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">10.1016/j.jnucmat.2013.09.061<span class="fa fa-external-link" aria-hidden="true"></span></a></span> </li> </ul> <hr/> </div> <div> <h2 class="title" style="margin-bottom:0;" data-apporder=""> <a href="https://doi.org/10.1038/srep01730" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" class="name">Assembly of metals and nanoparticles into novel nanocomposite superstructures<span class="fa fa-external-link" aria-hidden="true"></span></a> <small class="text-muted" style="text-transform:uppercase; font-size:0.75rem;"><br/> <span class="type">journal</span>, <span class="date" data-date="2013-04-25">April 2013</span></small> </h2> <ul class="small references-list" style="list-style-type:none; margin-top: 0.5em; padding-left: 0; line-height:1.8em;"> <li> <span style="color:#5C7B2D;"> Xu, Jiaquan; Chen, Lianyi; Choi, Hongseok</span> </li> <li> Scientific Reports, Vol. 3, Issue 1</li> <li> <span class="text-muted related-url">DOI: <a href="https://doi.org/10.1038/srep01730" class="text-muted" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">10.1038/srep01730<span class="fa fa-external-link" aria-hidden="true"></span></a></span> </li> </ul> <hr/> </div> <div> <h2 class="title" style="margin-bottom:0;" data-apporder=""> <a href="https://doi.org/10.13182/NT10-A10861" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" class="name">Electrolytic Reduction and Electrorefining of Uranium to Develop Pyrochemical Reprocessing of Oxide Fuels<span class="fa fa-external-link" aria-hidden="true"></span></a> <small class="text-muted" style="text-transform:uppercase; font-size:0.75rem;"><br/> <span class="type">journal</span>, <span class="date" data-date="2010-09-01">September 2010</span></small> </h2> <ul class="small references-list" style="list-style-type:none; margin-top: 0.5em; padding-left: 0; line-height:1.8em;"> <li> <span style="color:#5C7B2D;"> Sakamura, Yoshiharu; Omori, Takashi</span> </li> <li> Nuclear Technology, Vol. 171, Issue 3</li> <li> <span class="text-muted related-url">DOI: <a href="https://doi.org/10.13182/NT10-A10861" class="text-muted" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">10.13182/NT10-A10861<span class="fa fa-external-link" aria-hidden="true"></span></a></span> </li> </ul> <hr/> </div> <div> <h2 class="title" style="margin-bottom:0;" data-apporder=""> <a href="https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevB.58.1786" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" class="name">Vibrational frequencies and intensities of small molecules: All-electron, pseudopotential, and mixed-potential methodologies<span class="fa fa-external-link" aria-hidden="true"></span></a> <small class="text-muted" style="text-transform:uppercase; font-size:0.75rem;"><br/> <span class="type">journal</span>, <span class="date" data-date="1998-07-01">July 1998</span></small> </h2> <ul class="small references-list" style="list-style-type:none; margin-top: 0.5em; padding-left: 0; line-height:1.8em;"> <li> <span style="color:#5C7B2D;"> Briley, Arlin; Pederson, Mark R.; Jackson, Koblar A.</span> </li> <li> Physical Review B, Vol. 58, Issue 4</li> <li> <span class="text-muted related-url">DOI: <a href="https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevB.58.1786" class="text-muted" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">10.1103/PhysRevB.58.1786<span class="fa fa-external-link" aria-hidden="true"></span></a></span> </li> </ul> <hr/> </div> <div> <h2 class="title" style="margin-bottom:0;" data-apporder=""> <a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/S0013-4686(97)10141-4" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" class="name">Electrochemical investigations of the liquid lithium/(LiCl–KCl eutectic melt) interface. Chronopotentiometric and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy measurements<span class="fa fa-external-link" aria-hidden="true"></span></a> <small class="text-muted" style="text-transform:uppercase; font-size:0.75rem;"><br/> <span class="type">journal</span>, <span class="date" data-date="1998-05-01">May 1998</span></small> </h2> <ul class="small references-list" style="list-style-type:none; margin-top: 0.5em; padding-left: 0; line-height:1.8em;"> <li> <span style="color:#5C7B2D;"> Hébant, Pascal; Picard, Gérard S.</span> </li> <li> Electrochimica Acta, Vol. 43, Issue 14-15</li> <li> <span class="text-muted related-url">DOI: <a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/S0013-4686(97)10141-4" class="text-muted" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">10.1016/S0013-4686(97)10141-4<span class="fa fa-external-link" aria-hidden="true"></span></a></span> </li> </ul> <hr/> </div> <div> <h2 class="title" style="margin-bottom:0;" data-apporder=""> <a href="https://doi.org/10.1149/1.3159348" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" class="name">Influence of Some Factors upon Electrodeposition of Liquid Li and Mg<span class="fa fa-external-link" aria-hidden="true"></span></a> <small class="text-muted" style="text-transform:uppercase; font-size:0.75rem;"><br/> <span class="type">conference</span>, <span class="date" data-date="2009-01-01">January 2009</span></small> </h2> <ul class="small references-list" style="list-style-type:none; margin-top: 0.5em; padding-left: 0; line-height:1.8em;"> <li> <span style="color:#5C7B2D;"> Takenaka, Toshihide; Shigeta, Kouji; Masuhama, Hiroshi</span> </li> <li> 214th ECS Meeting, ECS Transactions</li> <li> <span class="text-muted related-url">DOI: <a href="https://doi.org/10.1149/1.3159348" class="text-muted" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">10.1149/1.3159348<span class="fa fa-external-link" aria-hidden="true"></span></a></span> </li> </ul> <hr/> </div> <div> <h2 class="title" style="margin-bottom:0;" data-apporder=""> <a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2012.06.161" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" class="name">Electrochemical reduction behavior of a highly porous SIMFUEL particle in a LiCl molten salt<span class="fa fa-external-link" aria-hidden="true"></span></a> <small class="text-muted" style="text-transform:uppercase; font-size:0.75rem;"><br/> <span class="type">journal</span>, <span class="date" data-date="2012-10-01">October 2012</span></small> </h2> <ul class="small references-list" style="list-style-type:none; margin-top: 0.5em; padding-left: 0; line-height:1.8em;"> <li> <span style="color:#5C7B2D;"> Choi, Eun-Young; Lee, Jae Won; Park, Jang Jin</span> </li> <li> Chemical Engineering Journal, Vol. 207-208</li> <li> <span class="text-muted related-url">DOI: <a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2012.06.161" class="text-muted" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">10.1016/j.cej.2012.06.161<span class="fa fa-external-link" aria-hidden="true"></span></a></span> </li> </ul> <hr/> </div> <div> <h2 class="title" style="margin-bottom:0;" data-apporder=""> <a href="https://doi.org/10.1002/9781118448847.ch2d" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" class="name">Cathodic Phenomena in Li Electrolysis in LiCl-KCl Melt<span class="fa fa-external-link" aria-hidden="true"></span></a> <small class="text-muted" style="text-transform:uppercase; font-size:0.75rem;"><br/> <span class="type">book</span>, <span class="date" data-date="2014-05-11">May 2014</span></small> </h2> <ul class="small references-list" style="list-style-type:none; margin-top: 0.5em; padding-left: 0; line-height:1.8em;"> <li> <span style="color:#5C7B2D;"> Takenaka, T.; Morishige, T.; Umehara, M.</span> </li> <li> Molten Salts Chemistry and Technology</li> <li> <span class="text-muted related-url">DOI: <a href="https://doi.org/10.1002/9781118448847.ch2d" class="text-muted" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">10.1002/9781118448847.ch2d<span class="fa fa-external-link" aria-hidden="true"></span></a></span> </li> </ul> <hr/> </div> <div> <h2 class="title" style="margin-bottom:0;" data-apporder=""> <a href="https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01094318" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" class="name">Measurement of the activity of lithium in dilute solutions in molten lithium chloride between 650�C and 800�C<span class="fa fa-external-link" aria-hidden="true"></span></a> <small class="text-muted" style="text-transform:uppercase; font-size:0.75rem;"><br/> <span class="type">journal</span>, <span class="date" data-date="1990-09-01">September 1990</span></small> </h2> <ul class="small references-list" style="list-style-type:none; margin-top: 0.5em; padding-left: 0; line-height:1.8em;"> <li> <span style="color:#5C7B2D;"> Liu, J.; Poignet, J. -C.</span> </li> <li> Journal of Applied Electrochemistry, Vol. 20, Issue 5</li> <li> <span class="text-muted related-url">DOI: <a href="https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01094318" class="text-muted" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">10.1007/BF01094318<span class="fa fa-external-link" aria-hidden="true"></span></a></span> </li> </ul> <hr/> </div> <div> <h2 class="title" style="margin-bottom:0;" data-apporder=""> <a href="https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-010-0458-9_2" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" class="name">Electronic Properties of Metal/Molten Salt Solutions<span class="fa fa-external-link" aria-hidden="true"></span></a> <small class="text-muted" style="text-transform:uppercase; font-size:0.75rem;"><br/> <span class="type">book</span>, <span class="date" data-date="2002-01-01">January 2002</span></small> </h2> <ul class="small references-list" style="list-style-type:none; margin-top: 0.5em; padding-left: 0; line-height:1.8em;"> <li> <span style="color:#5C7B2D;"> Warren, William W.</span> </li> <li> Molten Salts: From Fundamentals to Applications</li> <li> <span class="text-muted related-url">DOI: <a href="https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-010-0458-9_2" class="text-muted" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">10.1007/978-94-010-0458-9_2<span class="fa fa-external-link" aria-hidden="true"></span></a></span> </li> </ul> <hr/> </div> </div> <div class="pagination-container small"> <a class="pure-button prev page" href="#" rel="prev"><span class="sr-only">Previous Page</span><span class="fa fa-angle-left"></span></a> <ul class="pagination d-inline-block" style="padding-left:.2em;"></ul> <a class="pure-button next page" href="#" rel="next"><span class="sr-only">Next Page</span><span class="fa fa-angle-right"></span></a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="col-sm-3 order-sm-3"> <ul class="nav nav-stacked"> <li class="active"><a href="" class="reference-type-filter tab-nav" data-tab="biblio-references" data-filter="type" data-pattern="*"><span class="fa fa-angle-right"></span> All References</a></li> <li class="small" style="margin-left:.75em; text-transform:capitalize;"><a href="" class="reference-type-filter tab-nav" data-tab="biblio-references" data-filter="type" data-pattern="book"><span class="fa fa-angle-right"></span> book<small class="text-muted"> (2)</small></a></li> <li class="small" style="margin-left:.75em; text-transform:capitalize;"><a href="" class="reference-type-filter tab-nav" data-tab="biblio-references" data-filter="type" data-pattern="conference"><span class="fa fa-angle-right"></span> conference<small class="text-muted"> (2)</small></a></li> <li class="small" style="margin-left:.75em; text-transform:capitalize;"><a href="" class="reference-type-filter tab-nav" data-tab="biblio-references" data-filter="type" data-pattern="journal"><span class="fa fa-angle-right"></span> journal<small class="text-muted"> (47)</small></a></li> </ul> <div style="margin-top:2em;"> <form class="pure-form small text-muted reference-search"> <label for="reference-search-text" class="sr-only">Search</label> <input class="search form-control pure-input-1" id="reference-search-text" placeholder="Search" style="margin-bottom:10px;" /> <fieldset aria-label="Sort By"> <legend class="legend-filters sr-only">Sort by:</legend> <div style="margin-left:1em; font-weight:normal; line-height: 1.6em;"><input type="radio" class="sort" name="references-sort" data-sort="name" style="position:relative;top:2px;" id="reference-search-sort-name"><label for="reference-search-sort-name" style="margin-left: .3em;">Sort by title</label></div> <div style="margin-left:1em; font-weight:normal; line-height: 1.6em;"><input type="radio" class="sort" name="references-sort" data-sort="date" data-order="desc" style="position:relative;top:2px;" id="reference-search-sort-date"><label for="reference-search-sort-date" style="margin-left: .3em;">Sort by date</label></div> </fieldset> <div class="text-left" style="margin-left:1em;"> <a href="" class="filter-clear clearfix" title="Clear filter / sort" style="font-weight:normal; float:none;">[ × clear filter / sort ]</a> </div> <input type="submit" id="sort_submit_references" name="submit" aria-label="submit" style="display: none;"/> </form> </div> </div> </div> </section> <section id="biblio-citations" class="tab-content tab-content-sec osti-curated" data-tab="biblio"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-9 order-sm-9"> <div class="padding"> <p class="lead text-muted" style="font-size: 18px; margin-top:0px;">Works referencing / citing this record:</p> <div class="list"> <div> <h2 class="title" style="margin-bottom:0;" data-apporder=""> <a href="https://doi.org/10.1149/2.0231911jes" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" class="name">Effect of Metallic Li on the Surface Chemistry of Inconel 625 Exposed to Molten LiCl-Li <sub>2</sub> O-Li<span class="fa fa-external-link" aria-hidden="true"></span></a> <small class="text-muted" style="text-transform:uppercase; font-size:0.75rem;"><br/> <span class="type">journal</span>, <span class="date" data-date="2019-01-01">January 2019</span></small> </h2> <ul class="small references-list" style="list-style-type:none; margin-top: 0.5em; padding-left: 0; line-height:1.8em;"> <li> <span style="color:#5C7B2D;"> Phillips, William; Chidambaram, Dev</span> </li> <li> Journal of The Electrochemical Society, Vol. 166, Issue 11</li> <li> <span class="text-muted related-url">DOI: <a href="https://doi.org/10.1149/2.0231911jes" class="text-muted" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">10.1149/2.0231911jes<span class="fa fa-external-link" aria-hidden="true"></span></a></span> </li> </ul> <hr/> </div> <div> <h2 class="title" style="margin-bottom:0;" data-apporder=""> <a href="https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-018-35739-z" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" class="name">Minimising oxygen contamination through a liquid copper-aided group IV metal production process<span class="fa fa-external-link" aria-hidden="true"></span></a> <small class="text-muted" style="text-transform:uppercase; font-size:0.75rem;"><br/> <span class="type">journal</span>, <span class="date" data-date="2018-11-26">November 2018</span></small> </h2> <ul class="small references-list" style="list-style-type:none; margin-top: 0.5em; padding-left: 0; line-height:1.8em;"> <li> <span style="color:#5C7B2D;"> Yoo, Bung Uk; Lee, Young Jun; Ri, Vladislav</span> </li> <li> Scientific Reports, Vol. 8, Issue 1</li> <li> <span class="text-muted related-url">DOI: <a href="https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-018-35739-z" class="text-muted" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">10.1038/s41598-018-35739-z<span class="fa fa-external-link" aria-hidden="true"></span></a></span> </li> </ul> <hr/> </div> <div> <h2 class="title" style="margin-bottom:0;" data-apporder=""> <a href="https://doi.org/10.1149/2.0201906jes" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" class="name">Effect of Metallic Li on the Corrosion Behavior of Inconel 625 in Molten LiCl-Li <sub>2</sub> O-Li<span class="fa fa-external-link" aria-hidden="true"></span></a> <small class="text-muted" style="text-transform:uppercase; font-size:0.75rem;"><br/> <span class="type">journal</span>, <span class="date" data-date="2019-01-01">January 2019</span></small> </h2> <ul class="small references-list" style="list-style-type:none; margin-top: 0.5em; padding-left: 0; line-height:1.8em;"> <li> <span style="color:#5C7B2D;"> Phillips, William; Karmiol, Zachary; Chidambaram, Dev</span> </li> <li> Journal of The Electrochemical Society, Vol. 166, Issue 6</li> <li> <span class="text-muted related-url">DOI: <a href="https://doi.org/10.1149/2.0201906jes" class="text-muted" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">10.1149/2.0201906jes<span class="fa fa-external-link" aria-hidden="true"></span></a></span> </li> </ul> <hr/> </div> </div> <div class="pagination-container small"> <a class="pure-button prev page" href="#" rel="prev"><span class="sr-only">Previous Page</span><span class="fa fa-angle-left"></span></a> <ul class="pagination d-inline-block" style="padding-left:.2em;"></ul> <a class="pure-button next page" href="#" rel="next"><span class="sr-only">Next Page</span><span class="fa fa-angle-right"></span></a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="col-sm-3 order-sm-3"> <ul class="nav nav-stacked"> <li class="active"><a href="" class="reference-type-filter tab-nav" data-filter="type" data-pattern="*"><span class="fa fa-angle-right"></span> All Cited By</a></li> <li class="small" style="margin-left:.75em; text-transform:capitalize;"><a href="" class="reference-type-filter tab-nav" data-filter="type" data-pattern="journal"><span class="fa fa-angle-right"></span> journal<small class="text-muted"> (3)</small></a></li> </ul> <div style="margin-top:2em;"> <form class="pure-form small text-muted citation-search"> <label for="citation-search-text" class="sr-only">Search</label> <input class="search form-control pure-input-1" id="citation-search-text" placeholder="Search" style="margin-bottom:10px;" /> <fieldset aria-label="Sort By"> <legend class="legend-filters sr-only">Sort by:</legend> <div style="margin-left:1em; font-weight:normal; line-height: 1.6em;"><input type="radio" class="sort" name="references-sort" data-sort="name" style="position:relative;top:2px;" id="citation-search-sort-name"><label for="citation-search-sort-name" style="margin-left: .3em;">Sort by title</label></div> <div style="margin-left:1em; font-weight:normal; line-height: 1.6em;"><input type="radio" class="sort" name="references-sort" data-sort="date" data-order="desc" style="position:relative;top:2px;" id="citation-search-sort-date"><label for="citation-search-sort-date" style="margin-left: .3em;">Sort by date</label></div> </fieldset> <div class="text-left" style="margin-left:1em;"> <a href="" class="filter-clear clearfix" title="Clear filter / sort" style="font-weight:normal; float:none;">[ × clear filter / sort ]</a> </div> <input type="submit" id="sort_submit_citations" name="submit" aria-label="submit" style="display: none;"/> </form> </div> </div> </div> </section> <section id="biblio-related" class="tab-content tab-content-sec " data-tab="biblio"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-9 order-sm-9"> <section id="biblio-similar" class="tab-content tab-content-sec active" data-tab="related"> <div class="padding"> <p class="lead text-muted" style="font-size: 18px; margin-top:0px;">Similar Records in DOE PAGES and OSTI.GOV collections:</p> <aside> <ul class="item-list" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/ItemList" style="padding-left:0; list-style-type: none;"> <li> <div class="article item document" itemprop="itemListElement" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/WebPage"><meta itemprop="position" content="0" /><div class="item-info"> <h2 class="title" itemprop="name headline"><a href="/pages/biblio/1606536-fluid-structure-molten-liclli-solutions" itemprop="url">Fluid Structure of Molten LiCl–Li Solutions</a></h2> <div class="metadata"> <small class="text-muted" style="text-transform:uppercase;display:block;line-height:2.5em;">Journal Article</small><span class="authors"> <span class="author">Guo, Jicheng</span> ; <span class="author">Merwin, Augustus</span> ; <span class="author">Benmore, Chris J.</span> ; <span class="author">...</span> <span class="text-muted pubdata"> - Journal of Physical Chemistry. B, Condensed Matter, Materials, Surfaces, Interfaces and Biophysical Chemistry</span> </span> </div> <div class="abstract">Molten mixtures of lithium chloride and metallic lithium (LiCl-Li) play an essential role in the electrolytic reduction of various metal oxides. These mixtures possess unique high temperature physical and chemical properties that have been investigated for decades. However, due to their extreme chemical reactivity, no study to date has been capable of definitively proving the basic physical nature of Li dissolution in molten LiCl. In this study, the evolution of the structure of molten LiCl-Li is probed as metallic Li is electrochemically introduced into the melt in situ, using synchrotron radiation experiments based on high energy wide-angle X-ray scattering (WAXS)<a href='#' onclick='$(this).hide().next().show().next().show();return false;' style='margin-left:10px;'>more »</a><span style='display:none;'> and small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS). The time-resolved scattering results indicate the formation of transient Cl- ion cages surrounding low-density voids with a periodicity of similar to 8.3 angstrom, which suggests the formation of metastable Li nanocluster. The structure of the LiCl-Li nanoclusters in the solution is modeled using ab initio molecular dynamics (AIMD) simulations. We report the simulation results are in agreement with the X-ray diffraction measurement and suggest the nanoclusters are predominantly Li-8, along with smaller clusters.</span><a href='#' onclick='$(this).hide().prev().hide().prev().show();return false;' style='margin-left:10px;display:none;'>« less</a></div><div class="metadata-links small clearfix text-muted" style="margin-top:15px;"> <span class="fa fa-book text-muted" aria-hidden="true"></span> Cited by 7<div class="pure-menu pure-menu-horizontal pull-right" style="width:unset;"> <ul class="pure-menu-list"> <li class="pure-menu-item"><span class="item-info-ftlink"><a class="misc doi-link " href="https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.jpcb.9b07479" target="_blank" rel="noopener" title="Link to document DOI" data-ostiid="1606536" data-product-type="Journal Article" data-product-subtype="AM" >https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.jpcb.9b07479</a></span></li> <li class="pure-menu-item"><span class="item-info-ftlink"><a class="misc fulltext-link " href="/pages/servlets/purl/1606536" title="Link to document media" target="_blank" rel="noopener" data-ostiid="1606536" data-product-type="Journal Article" data-product-subtype="AM" >Full Text Available</a></span></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div class="clearfix"></div> </div> </li> <li> <div class="article item document" itemprop="itemListElement" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/WebPage"><meta itemprop="position" content="2" /><div class="item-info"> <h2 class="title" itemprop="name headline"><a href="/pages/biblio/1511100-effect-metallic-li-surface-chemistry-inconel-exposed-molten-licl-li2o-li" itemprop="url">Effect of Metallic Li on the Surface Chemistry of Inconel 625 Exposed to Molten LiCl-Li<sub>2</sub>O-Li</a></h2> <div class="metadata"> <small class="text-muted" style="text-transform:uppercase;display:block;line-height:2.5em;">Journal Article</small><span class="authors"> <span class="author">Phillips, William</span> ; <span class="author">Chidambaram, Dev</span> <span class="text-muted pubdata"> - Journal of the Electrochemical Society</span> </span> </div> <div class="abstract">This study explores the surface chemistry of Inconel 625 samples exposed to molten LiCl-Li<sub>2</sub>O-Li solutions at 650°C for 500 and 1000hr and aims to understand the effect of solvated Li on corrosion behavior in molten LiCl-Li<sub>2</sub>O-Li. The surfaces of Inconel 625 samples were analyzed using X-ray diffraction, Raman spectroscopy, and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. The oxide films formed on the surface of the samples in the absence of Li is composed of LiCrO<sub>2</sub>, with small contributions of Li<sub>2</sub>CrO<sub>4</sub> and NiFexCr<sub>2</sub>-xO<sub>4</sub>. The presence of Li was observed to destabilize these compounds, resulting in a primarily metallic surface with trace amounts of oxidized<a href='#' onclick='$(this).hide().next().show().next().show();return false;' style='margin-left:10px;'>more »</a><span style='display:none;'> Cr, Mo, and Nb present depending on the concentration of Li in solution.</span><a href='#' onclick='$(this).hide().prev().hide().prev().show();return false;' style='margin-left:10px;display:none;'>« less</a></div><div class="metadata-links small clearfix text-muted" style="margin-top:15px;"> <span class="fa fa-book text-muted" aria-hidden="true"></span> Cited by 3<div class="pure-menu pure-menu-horizontal pull-right" style="width:unset;"> <ul class="pure-menu-list"> <li class="pure-menu-item"><span class="item-info-ftlink"><a class="misc doi-link " href="https://doi.org/10.1149/2.0231911jes" target="_blank" rel="noopener" title="Link to document DOI" data-ostiid="1511100" data-product-type="Journal Article" data-product-subtype="PA" >https://doi.org/10.1149/2.0231911jes</a></span></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div class="clearfix"></div> </div> </li> <li> <div class="article item document" itemprop="itemListElement" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/WebPage"><meta itemprop="position" content="3" /><div class="item-info"> <h2 class="title" itemprop="name headline"><a href="/pages/biblio/1582223-molten-battery-consisting-li-metal-anode-alcl3-licl-cathode-solid-electrolyte" itemprop="url">A molten battery consisting of Li metal anode, AlCl3-LiCl cathode and solid electrolyte</a></h2> <div class="metadata"> <small class="text-muted" style="text-transform:uppercase;display:block;line-height:2.5em;">Journal Article</small><span class="authors"> <span class="author">Lang, Jialiang</span> ; <span class="author">Liu, Kai</span> ; <span class="author">Jin, Yang</span> ; <span class="author">...</span> <span class="text-muted pubdata"> - Energy Storage Materials</span> </span> </div> <div class="abstract">High performance rechargeable batteries are crucially needed to address the demands of grid-scale stationary energy storage. High temperature battery systems, such as Na-S battery, Na-NiCl2 battery (ZEBRA battery) and liquid metal electrode (LME) battery, exhibit advantages like high power density and high cyclic stability, but also suffer from the high operating temperature. We recently invented new concept of molten lithium metal batteries, consisting of liquid lithium anodes, alloy (Sn, Bi, Pb) liquid cathodes and lithium ion conductor as solid electrolytes. Here we demonstrate a molten metal chloride battery that operates at a relatively low temperature of 210 °C. The battery<a href='#' onclick='$(this).hide().next().show().next().show();return false;' style='margin-left:10px;'>more »</a><span style='display:none;'> has been designed to include molten (AlCl3-LiCl) cathode, solid electrolyte (garnet-type Li6.4La3Ta0.6Zr1.4O12 (LLZTO) ceramic tube) and molten lithium anode. The assembled AlCl3-LiCl||LLZTO||Li full cell has an average discharge voltage of 1.55 V and energy efficiency of 83% and has been successfully cycled for 100 cycles (800 h) without capacity fade. The theoretical specific energy of cell is 350 Wh/kg and the estimated cost is $11.6/kWh based on the weight of electrode materials. Considering the high performance, high safety, low operating temperature and low cost of raw materials, this novel type of molten-electrode battery system opens up new opportunities for stationary energy storage.</span><a href='#' onclick='$(this).hide().prev().hide().prev().show();return false;' style='margin-left:10px;display:none;'>« less</a></div><div class="metadata-links small clearfix text-muted" style="margin-top:15px;"> <span class="fa fa-book text-muted" aria-hidden="true"></span> Cited by 13<div class="pure-menu pure-menu-horizontal pull-right" style="width:unset;"> <ul class="pure-menu-list"> <li class="pure-menu-item"><span class="item-info-ftlink"><a class="misc doi-link " href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ensm.2019.07.027" target="_blank" rel="noopener" title="Link to document DOI" data-ostiid="1582223" data-product-type="Journal Article" data-product-subtype="AM" >https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ensm.2019.07.027</a></span></li> <li class="pure-menu-item"><span class="item-info-ftlink"><a class="misc fulltext-link " href="/pages/servlets/purl/1582223" title="Link to document media" target="_blank" rel="noopener" data-ostiid="1582223" data-product-type="Journal Article" data-product-subtype="AM" >Full Text Available</a></span></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div class="clearfix"></div> </div> </li> <li> <div class="article item document" itemprop="itemListElement" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/WebPage"><meta itemprop="position" content="4" /><div class="item-info"> <h2 class="title" itemprop="name headline"><a href="/biblio/22991842-determination-activity-neodymium-iii-molten-eutectic-licl-kcl-using-electrochemical-methods" itemprop="url">Determination of Activity of Neodymium(III) in Molten Eutectic LiCl-KCl using Electrochemical Methods</a></h2> <div class="metadata"> <small class="text-muted" style="text-transform:uppercase;display:block;line-height:2.5em;">Journal Article</small><span class="authors"> <span class="author">Bagri, Prashant</span> ; <span class="author">Simpson, Michael F.</span> <span class="text-muted pubdata"> - Transactions of the American Nuclear Society</span> </span> </div> <div class="abstract">The pyrochemical recycling of actinides is a promising option for closing the nuclear fuel cycle. The technology is particularly attractive for recycle of metallic and molten salt fuels. The Republic of Korea is also taking a serious look at the application of pyrochemical treatment of used oxide fuel from Pressurized Water Reactors (PWR). The science behind pyrochemical recycling is being actively studied at the various national labs and universities. The Rare Earth Drawdown process is proposed to be included in a commercial pyrochemical recycling facility in order to minimize the amount of waste generated from the processing that will require<a href='#' onclick='$(this).hide().next().show().next().show();return false;' style='margin-left:10px;'>more »</a><span style='display:none;'> permanent disposal in a geological repository. This process involves selective extraction of rare earth elements from electro-refiner salt. The salt can then be further processed to selectively remove Group I-II active metals and eventually be recycled back to the electro-refiner. The preferred method of separation of the rare earths from the salt is using electrolysis due to its inherent selectivity and ease of operation. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the effects of the presence of cesium (Group I) on the electrochemical behavior of neodymium in a molten eutectic LiCl-KCl salt. The activity and by extension the activity coefficient of a species determines many of the key electrochemical properties such as apparent reduction potential. In this study, we have undertaken a series of experiments to experimentally determine the activity coefficient of the dissolved neodymium(III) ions as a function of concentration, both in the presence and absence of cesium. This was done using a first of its kind electrochemical cell. Previously, activity of dissolved species has been determined using electrochemical cells in which equilibrium potentials are measured for the Nd/Nd(III) versus a Ag/AgCl reference electrode. There are several issues associated with such an approach. These electrodes are associated with several sources of errors; indeterminate values of Standard Reduction Potentials of (E{sup θ}) for Ag and Nd in molten salts, unknown liquid junction potentials and potential drifts. These uncertainties contribute errors to the experimental measurements. For this study, we employed a Nd/LiCl-KCl-NdCl{sub 3(Saturatedelectrode)}. There are several advantages with using such an electrode. If the expanded Nernst Equation is written for the aforementioned electrochemical cell, all of the terms cancel out except the activity term. This enables us to directly experimentally measure the activity of the species in solution. When we use a saturated NdCl{sub 3} reference electrode, the activity that is measured is defined as the activity versus a 'Saturated Solid State'. To determine the activity coefficients, we need to determine the activity versus the 'Liquid Standard Sate'. To convert the activity from solid standard state to liquid standard state, we correct for it using the hypothetical Gibbs free energy of fusion for neodymium chloride. (authors)</span><a href='#' onclick='$(this).hide().prev().hide().prev().show();return false;' style='margin-left:10px;display:none;'>« less</a></div><div class="metadata-links small clearfix text-muted" style="margin-top:15px;"> <div class="pure-menu pure-menu-horizontal pull-right" style="width:unset;"> </div> </div> </div> <div class="clearfix"></div> </div> </li> <li> <div class="article item document" itemprop="itemListElement" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/WebPage"><meta itemprop="position" content="6" /><div class="item-info"> <h2 class="title" itemprop="name headline"><a href="/pages/biblio/1504809-effect-metallic-li-corrosion-behavior-inconel-molten-licl-li2o-li" itemprop="url">Effect of Metallic Li on the Corrosion Behavior of Inconel 625 in Molten LiCl-Li<sub>2</sub>O-Li</a></h2> <div class="metadata"> <small class="text-muted" style="text-transform:uppercase;display:block;line-height:2.5em;">Journal Article</small><span class="authors"> <span class="author">Phillips, William</span> ; <span class="author">Karmiol, Zachary</span> ; <span class="author">Chidambaram, Dev</span> <span class="text-muted pubdata"> - Journal of the Electrochemical Society</span> </span> </div> <div class="abstract">The corrosion behavior of Inconel 625 in molten LiCl solutions maintained at 650°C and containing various quantities of Li<sub>2</sub>O and metallic Li was studied for possible application in the electroreduction of used oxide-based nuclear fuel. This study focusses on the morphological and elemental changes on the surface of the samples with an emphasis on cross-sectional analyses conducted using focused ion beam microscopy. In the absence of metallic Li, a stable oxide film is formed that limits the corrosion of the base material to 0.07mm/year. However, in the presence of metallic Li, the formation of this film is impeded, resulting in<a href='#' onclick='$(this).hide().next().show().next().show();return false;' style='margin-left:10px;'>more »</a><span style='display:none;'> dealloying of the base material and the formation of a highly porous microstructure composed primarily of Ni.</span><a href='#' onclick='$(this).hide().prev().hide().prev().show();return false;' style='margin-left:10px;display:none;'>« less</a></div><div class="metadata-links small clearfix text-muted" style="margin-top:15px;"> <span class="fa fa-book text-muted" aria-hidden="true"></span> Cited by 6<div class="pure-menu pure-menu-horizontal pull-right" style="width:unset;"> <ul class="pure-menu-list"> <li class="pure-menu-item"><span class="item-info-ftlink"><a class="misc doi-link " href="https://doi.org/10.1149/2.0201906jes" target="_blank" rel="noopener" title="Link to document DOI" data-ostiid="1504809" data-product-type="Journal Article" data-product-subtype="PA" >https://doi.org/10.1149/2.0201906jes</a></span></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div class="clearfix"></div> </div> </li> </ul> </aside> </div> </section> </div> <div class="col-sm-3 order-sm-3"> <ul class="nav nav-stacked"> <li class="active"><a class="tab-nav disabled" data-tab="related" style="color: #636c72 !important; opacity: 1;"><span class="fa fa-angle-right"></span> Similar Records</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </section> </div></div> </div> </div> </section> <footer class="" style="background-color:#f9f9f9;"> <div class="footer-minor"> <div class="container"> <hr class="footer-separator"/> <br/> <div class="col text-center mt-3"> <div class="pure-menu pure-menu-horizontal"> <ul class="pure-menu-list" id="footer-org-menu"> <li class="pure-menu-item"> <a href="https://energy.gov" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"> <img src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAIAAAP///wAAACH5BAEAAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAICRAEAOw==" class="sprite sprite-footer-us-doe-min" alt="U.S. Department of Energy" /> </a> </li> <li class="pure-menu-item"> <a href="https://www.energy.gov/science/office-science" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"> <img src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAIAAAP///wAAACH5BAEAAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAICRAEAOw==" class="sprite sprite-footer-office-of-science-min" alt="Office of Science" /> </a> </li> <li class="pure-menu-item"> <a href="https://www.osti.gov" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"> <img src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAIAAAP///wAAACH5BAEAAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAICRAEAOw==" class="sprite sprite-footer-osti-min" alt="Office of Scientific and Technical Information" /> </a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> <div class="col text-center small" style="margin-top: 0.5em;margin-bottom:2.0rem;"> <div class="row justify-content-center" style="color:white"> <div class="pure-menu pure-menu-horizontal" style='white-space:normal'> <ul class="pure-menu-list"> <li class="pure-menu-item"><a href="https://www.osti.gov/disclaim" class="pure-menu-link" target="_blank" ref="noopener noreferrer"><span class="fa fa-institution"></span> Website Policies <span class="d-none d-sm-inline d-print-none" style="color:#737373;">/ Important Links</span></a></li> <li class="pure-menu-item" style='float:none;'><a href="/pages/contact" class="pure-menu-link"><span class="fa fa-comments-o"></span>Contact Us</a></li> <li class="d-block d-md-none mb-1"></li> <li class="pure-menu-item" style='float:none;'><a target="_blank" title="Vulnerability Disclosure Program" class="pure-menu-link" href="https://doe.responsibledisclosure.com/hc/en-us" rel="noopener noreferrer">Vulnerability Disclosure Program</a></li> <li class="d-block d-lg-none mb-1"></li> <li class="pure-menu-item" style="float:none;"><a href="https://www.facebook.com/ostigov" target="_blank" class="pure-menu-link social ext fa fa-facebook" rel="noopener noreferrer"><span class="sr-only" style="background-color: #fff; color: #333;">Facebook</span></a></li> <li class="pure-menu-item" style="float:none;"><a href="https://twitter.com/OSTIgov" target="_blank" class="pure-menu-link social ext fa fa-twitter" rel="noopener noreferrer"><span class="sr-only" style="background-color: #fff; color: #333;">Twitter</span></a></li> <li class="pure-menu-item" style="float:none;"><a href="https://www.youtube.com/user/ostigov" target="_blank" class="pure-menu-link social ext fa fa-youtube-play" rel="noopener noreferrer"><span class="sr-only" style="background-color: #fff; color: #333;">Youtube</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </footer> <link href="/pages/css/pages.fonts.240327.0205.css" rel="stylesheet"> <script src="/pages/js/pages.240327.0205.js"></script><noscript></noscript> <script defer src="/pages/js/pages.biblio.240327.0205.js"></script><noscript></noscript> <script defer src="/pages/js/lity.js"></script><noscript></noscript> <script async type="text/javascript" src="/pages/js/Universal-Federated-Analytics-Min.js?agency=DOE" id="_fed_an_ua_tag"></script><noscript></noscript> </body> <!-- DOE PAGES v.240327.0205 --> </html>