Growth control of oxygen stoichiometry in homoepitaxial SrTiO3 films by pulsed laser epitaxy in high vacuum

Lee, Ho Nyung; Ambrose Seo, Sung S.; Choi, Woo Seok; Rouleau, Christopher M.

doi:10.1038/srep19941

Title: Growth control of oxygen stoichiometry in homoepitaxial SrTiO₃ films by pulsed laser epitaxy in high vacuum

Abstract

In many transition metal oxides, oxygen stoichiometry is one of the most critical parameters that plays a key role in determining the structural, physical, optical, and electrochemical properties of the material. However, controlling the growth to obtain high quality single crystal films having the right oxygen stoichiometry, especially in a high vacuum environment, has been viewed as a challenge. In this work, we show that, through proper control of the plume kinetic energy, stoichiometric crystalline films can be synthesized without generating oxygen defects even in high vacuum. We use a model homoepitaxial system of SrTiO₃ (STO) thin films on single crystal STO substrates. Physical property measurements indicate that oxygen vacancy generation in high vacuum is strongly influenced by the energetics of the laser plume, and it can be controlled by proper laser beam delivery. Thus, our finding not only provides essential insight into oxygen stoichiometry control in high vacuum for understanding the fundamental properties of STO-based thin films and heterostructures, but it expands the utility of pulsed laser epitaxy of other materials as well.₃

Authors:

Lee, Ho Nyung ^[1]; Ambrose Seo, Sung S. ^[2]; Choi, Woo Seok ^[3]; Rouleau, Christopher M. ^[1]

Oak Ridge National Lab. (ORNL), Oak Ridge, TN (United States)
Oak Ridge National Lab. (ORNL), Oak Ridge, TN (United States); Univ. of Kentucky, Lexington, KY (United States)
Oak Ridge National Lab. (ORNL), Oak Ridge, TN (United States); Sungkyunkwan Univ., Suwon (Republic of Korea)

Publication Date:: Fri Jan 29 00:00:00 EST 2016

Research Org.:: Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL), Oak Ridge, TN (United States)

Sponsoring Org.:: USDOE Office of Science (SC), Basic Energy Sciences (BES)

OSTI Identifier:: 1247940

Grant/Contract Number:: AC05-00OR22725; NRF-2014R1A2A2A01006478

Resource Type:: Accepted Manuscript

Journal Name:: Scientific Reports

Additional Journal Information:: Journal Volume: 6; Journal ID: ISSN 2045-2322

Publisher:: Nature Publishing Group

Country of Publication:: United States

Language:: English

Subject:: 37 INORGANIC, ORGANIC, PHYSICAL, AND ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY; surfaces; interfaces and thin films; synthesis and processing; SrTiO₃

Citation Formats


                    Lee, Ho Nyung, Ambrose Seo, Sung S., Choi, Woo Seok, and Rouleau, Christopher M. Growth control of oxygen stoichiometry in homoepitaxial SrTiO3 films by pulsed laser epitaxy in high vacuum.  United States: N. p., 2016. 
Web.  doi:10.1038/srep19941.

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                    Lee, Ho Nyung, Ambrose Seo, Sung S., Choi, Woo Seok, & Rouleau, Christopher M. Growth control of oxygen stoichiometry in homoepitaxial SrTiO3 films by pulsed laser epitaxy in high vacuum.  United States.  https://doi.org/10.1038/srep19941

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                    Lee, Ho Nyung, Ambrose Seo, Sung S., Choi, Woo Seok, and Rouleau, Christopher M. Fri .  
"Growth control of oxygen stoichiometry in homoepitaxial SrTiO3 films by pulsed laser epitaxy in high vacuum".  United States.  https://doi.org/10.1038/srep19941.  https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1247940.

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@article{osti_1247940,

  title        = {Growth control of oxygen stoichiometry in homoepitaxial SrTiO3 films by pulsed laser epitaxy in high vacuum},

  author       = {Lee, Ho Nyung and Ambrose Seo, Sung S. and Choi, Woo Seok and Rouleau, Christopher M.},

  abstractNote = {In many transition metal oxides, oxygen stoichiometry is one of the most critical parameters that plays a key role in determining the structural, physical, optical, and electrochemical properties of the material. However, controlling the growth to obtain high quality single crystal films having the right oxygen stoichiometry, especially in a high vacuum environment, has been viewed as a challenge. In this work, we show that, through proper control of the plume kinetic energy, stoichiometric crystalline films can be synthesized without generating oxygen defects even in high vacuum. We use a model homoepitaxial system of SrTiO3 (STO) thin films on single crystal STO substrates. Physical property measurements indicate that oxygen vacancy generation in high vacuum is strongly influenced by the energetics of the laser plume, and it can be controlled by proper laser beam delivery. Thus, our finding not only provides essential insight into oxygen stoichiometry control in high vacuum for understanding the fundamental properties of STO-based thin films and heterostructures, but it expands the utility of pulsed laser epitaxy of other materials as well.₃},

  doi          = {10.1038/srep19941},

  journal      = {Scientific Reports},

  number       = ,

  volume       = 6,

  place        = {United States},

  year         = {Fri Jan 29 00:00:00 EST 2016},

  month        = {Fri Jan 29 00:00:00 EST 2016}

}

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Homoepitaxial SrTiO₃(110) film is grown by molecular beam epitaxy in ultra-high vacuum with oxygen diffusing from substrate as the only oxidant. The resulted oxygen vacancies (V_O^s) are found to be spatially confined within few subsurface layers only, forming a quasi-two-dimensional doped region with a tunable high concentration. Such a δ-function distribution of V_O^s is essentially determined by the thermodynamics associated with the surface reconstruction, and facilitated by the relatively high growth temperature. Here, our results demonstrate that it is feasible to tune V_O^s distribution at the atomic scale by controlling the lattice structure of oxide surfaces. Transition metal oxide interfacesmore »« less
Cited by 7
https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4985048

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Growth of homoepitaxial SrTiO{sub 3} thin films by molecular-beam epitaxy

Journal Article Brooks, C M ; Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802 ; Kourkoutis, L Fitting ; ... - Applied Physics Letters

We report the structural properties of homoepitaxial (100) SrTiO{sub 3} films grown by reactive molecular-beam epitaxy (MBE). The lattice spacing and x-ray diffraction (XRD) rocking curves of stoichiometric MBE-grown SrTiO{sub 3} films are indistinguishable from the underlying SrTiO{sub 3} substrates. Off-stoichiometry for both strontium-rich and strontium-poor compositions (i.e., Sr{sub 1+x}TiO{sub 3+{delta}} films with -0.2<x<0.2) results in lattice expansion with significant changes to the shuttered reflection high-energy electron diffraction oscillations, XRD, and film microstructure. The dependence of lattice spacing on nonstoichiometry is smaller for MBE-grown films than for homoepitaxial (100) Sr{sub 1+x}TiO{sub 3+{delta}} films prepared by pulsed-laser deposition or sputtering.
https://doi.org/10.1063/1.3117365
Influence of mechanical stresses on the charge state of the interface in the LaAlO{sub 3}/(001)SrTiO{sub 3} heterostructures with a distorted stoichiometry

Journal Article Boikov, Yu. A., E-mail: yu.boikov@mail.ioffe.ru ; Serenkov, I. T. ; Sakharov, V. I. ; ... - Physics of the Solid State

The medium-energy ion scattering (MEIS) spectroscopy was used to obtain the data on the structure and stoichiometry of interfaces in LaAlO{sub 3}/SrTiO{sub 3} (LAO/STO) heterostructures. The coverage of the LAO/STO heterostructure with a LAO film increased by a factor of almost two as the lanthanum aluminate layer thickness increased from 1 to 6 unit cells. It is shown that the formation of the heterostructure is accompanied by the interchange with Sr ions of the substrate and La ions of the firm. The influence of the oxygen pressure on the formation of the heterostructure has been studied. The conditions required tomore »« less
https://doi.org/10.1134/S1063783418010067
Magnetic and structural properties of BiFeO{sub 3} thin films grown epitaxially on SrTiO{sub 3}/Si substrates

Journal Article Laughlin, Ryan P. ; Currie, Daniel A. ; Contreras-Guererro, Rocio ; ... - Journal of Applied Physics

The integration of oxides with semiconductors is important for the technological advancement of the next generation electronics. Concomitant ferroelectric and antiferromagnetic (AF) behavior is demonstrated in single crystal BiFeO{sub 3} (BFO) films grown on 20 nm SrTiO{sub 3} (STO) virtual substrates on Si(100) using molecular beam epitaxy (MBE). STO thin films are grown in an oxide MBE chamber by co-deposition of Sr, Ti, and molecular O{sub 2}. Careful control of the O{sub 2} during nucleation produced commensurate growth of STO on Si. The sequence of the steps allows for the suppression of an amorphous SiO{sub 2} layer. This STO(20 nm)/Simore »« less
https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4796150

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Title: Growth control of oxygen stoichiometry in homoepitaxial SrTiO3 films by pulsed laser epitaxy in high vacuum

Abstract

Citation Formats

Multiple conducting carriers generated in LaAlO3/SrTiO3 heterostructures journal, August 2009

Growth mode control of the free carrier density in SrTiO3−δ films journal, October 2007

Strain screening by mobile oxygen vacancies in SrTiO3 journal, June 2010

Epitaxial SrTiO3 films with electron mobilities exceeding 30,000 cm2 V-1 s-1 journal, April 2010

Resonant tunnelling in a quantum oxide superlattice journal, June 2015

Initial growth stages of epitaxial BaTiO[sub 3] films on vicinal SrTiO[sub 3] (001) substrate surfaces journal, January 2002

Time-resolved study of SrTiO3 homoepitaxial pulsed-laser deposition using surface x-ray diffraction journal, May 2002

Growth control of stoichiometry in LaMnO3 epitaxial thin films by pulsed laser deposition journal, October 2010

The value of seeing nothing journal, August 2004

Improved stoichiometry and misfit control in perovskite thin film formation at a critical fluence by pulsed laser deposition journal, December 2005

Thermal stability of epitaxial SrRuO3 films as a function of oxygen pressure journal, May 2004

Defects and transport in complex oxide thin films journal, May 2008

Impact of the interplay between nonstoichiometry and kinetic energy of the plume species on the growth mode of SrTiO 3 thin films journal, December 2013

Strong polarization enhancement in asymmetric three-component ferroelectric superlattices journal, January 2005

Atomic Control of the SrTiO3 Crystal Surface journal, December 1994

Blue-light emission at room temperature from Ar+-irradiated SrTiO3 journal, October 2005

Room-temperature ferroelectricity in strained SrTiO3 journal, August 2004

Growth of homoepitaxial SrTiO3 thin films by molecular-beam epitaxy journal, April 2009

Ion-deficient Phases in Titanium and Vanadium Compounds of the Perovskite Type 1,2 journal, November 1957

Growth‐related stress and surface morphology in homoepitaxial SrTiO 3 films journal, January 1996

Epitaxial growth and electronic structure of LaTiOx films journal, May 2002

Molecular beam epitaxy of SrTiO3 with a growth window journal, July 2009

Dynamics of laser-ablated particles in newly developed eclipse PLD conference, January 1996

Pulsed laser deposition-induced reduction of SrTiO3 crystals journal, January 2010

Origin of surface roughness for c ‐axis oriented Y‐Ba‐Cu‐O superconducting films journal, October 1990

Electric-field-induced superconductivity in an insulator journal, October 2008

The production of low scattering dielectric mirrors using rotating vane particle filtration journal, December 1969

A new laser ablation geometry for the production of smooth thin single-layer YBa2Cu3O7−x and multilayer YBa2Cu3O7−x/PrBa2Cu3O7−x films journal, July 1992

Dynamics of laser ablation plume penetration through low pressure background gases journal, July 1995

Atomic Layer Engineering of Perovskite Oxides for Chemically Sharp Heterointerfaces journal, October 2012

Artificial charge-modulationin atomic-scale perovskite titanate superlattices journal, September 2002

Strain Tuning of Ferroelectric Thin Films journal, August 2007

Superconducting Transition Temperatures of Semiconducting SrTi O 3 journal, November 1967

Ferroelectricity in Strain-Free SrTiO 3 Thin Films journal, May 2010

Nonlinear Hall effect and multichannel conduction in LaTiO 3 / SrTiO 3 superlattices journal, November 2010

Suppressed Dependence of Polarization on Epitaxial Strain in Highly Polar Ferroelectrics journal, May 2007

Reflection high-energy electron diffraction and atomic force microscopy studies on homoepitaxial growth of SrTiO3(001) journal, September 1998

Effect of oxygen vacancies in the SrTiO 3 substrate on the electrical properties of the LaAlO 3 ∕ SrTiO 3 interface journal, March 2007

High Mobility in LaAlO3/SrTiO3 Heterostructures: Origin, Dimensionality, and Perspectives journal, May 2007

Optical absorption and transport in semiconducting SrTi O 3 journal, March 1975

Free-Carrier Absorption in Reduced SrTi O 3 journal, April 1966

Elastic effects of vacancies in strontium titanate: Short- and long-range strain fields, elastic dipole tensors, and chemical strain journal, August 2009

Oxygen-deficient SrTiO3−x, x = 0.28, 0.17, and 0.08. Crystal growth, crystal structure, magnetic, and transport properties journal, February 1991

Strain and oxygen vacancy ordering in SrTiO 3 : Diffuse x-ray scattering studies journal, August 2015

Strong polarization enhancement in asymmetric three-component ferroelectric superlattices journal, April 2005

Suppressed dependence of polarization on epitaxial strain in highly polar ferroelectrics text, January 2007

Atomic layer engineering of perovskite oxides for chemically sharp heterointerfaces text, January 2012

Growth mode control of the free carrier density in SrTiO3-d films text, January 2006

Artificial charge-modulationin atomic-scale perovskite titanate superlattices journal, September 2002

Atomic-scale imaging of nanoengineered oxygen vacancy profiles in SrTiO3 journal, August 2004

Room-temperature ferroelectricity in strained SrTiO3 journal, August 2004

Resonant tunnelling in a quantum oxide superlattice journal, June 2015

Epitaxial SrTiO3 films with electron mobilities exceeding 30,000 cm2 V-1 s-1 journal, April 2010

Molecular beam epitaxy of SrTiO3 with a growth window journal, July 2009

Atomic Control of the SrTiO3 Crystal Surface journal, December 1994

Growth mode control of the free carrier density in SrTiO3-d films text, January 2006

Nonequilibrium Synthesis of Highly Porous Single-Crystalline Oxide Nanostructures journal, January 2017

Enhanced flexoelectricity at reduced dimensions revealed by mechanically tunable quantum tunnelling journal, February 2019

UV radiation enhanced oxygen vacancy formation caused by the PLD plasma plume journal, June 2018

Pulsed-laser epitaxy of topological insulator Bi 2 Te 3 thin films journal, April 2019

Unraveling the enhanced Oxygen Vacancy Formation in Complex Oxides during Annealing and Growth text, January 2017

Enhanced magnetism in lightly doped manganite heterostructures: strain or stoichiometry? journal, January 2019

Metal Oxide Nanocomposites: A Perspective from Strain, Defect, and Interface journal, October 2018

Metallicity in SrTiO 3 substrates induced by pulsed laser deposition journal, January 2019

Strain coupling of oxygen non-stoichiometry in perovskite thin films journal, December 2017

Oxygen diffusion in oxide thin films grown on SrTi O 3 journal, December 2019

Graphene/BiVO4/TiO2 nanocomposite: tuning band gap energies for superior photocatalytic activity under visible light journal, March 2017

Strain-enhanced topotactic hydrogen substitution for oxygen in SrTiO 3 epitaxial thin film journal, December 2018

Surface Characterizations and Selective Etching of Sr‐Rich Segregation on Top of SrVO 3 Thin‐Films Grown by Pulsed Laser Deposition journal, March 2019

Probing vacancy behavior across complex oxide heterointerfaces text, January 2019

Tuning of the Optical Properties of the Transparent Conducting Oxide SrVO 3 by Electronic Correlations journal, January 2019

Stimulating Oxide Heterostructures: A Review on Controlling SrTiO 3 ‐Based Heterointerfaces with External Stimuli journal, August 2019

Multistaged discharge constructing heterostructure with enhanced solid-solution behavior for long-life lithium-oxygen batteries journal, December 2019

A climbing image nudged elastic band method for finding saddle points and minimum energy paths journal, December 2000

UV radiation enhanced oxygen vacancy formation caused by the PLD plasma plume text, January 2018

Probing vacancy behavior across complex oxide heterointerfaces journal, February 2019

Unraveling the enhanced Oxygen Vacancy Formation in Complex Oxides during Annealing and Growth journal, January 2017

Title: Growth control of oxygen stoichiometry in homoepitaxial SrTiO₃ films by pulsed laser epitaxy in high vacuum

Multiple conducting carriers generated in LaAlO3/SrTiO3 heterostructures
journal, August 2009

Growth mode control of the free carrier density in SrTiO3−δ films
journal, October 2007

Strain screening by mobile oxygen vacancies in SrTiO3
journal, June 2010

Epitaxial SrTiO₃ films with electron mobilities exceeding 30,000 cm² V^-1 s^-1
journal, April 2010

Resonant tunnelling in a quantum oxide superlattice
journal, June 2015

Initial growth stages of epitaxial BaTiO[sub 3] films on vicinal SrTiO[sub 3] (001) substrate surfaces
journal, January 2002

Time-resolved study of SrTiO3 homoepitaxial pulsed-laser deposition using surface x-ray diffraction
journal, May 2002

Growth control of stoichiometry in LaMnO3 epitaxial thin films by pulsed laser deposition
journal, October 2010

The value of seeing nothing
journal, August 2004

Improved stoichiometry and misfit control in perovskite thin film formation at a critical fluence by pulsed laser deposition
journal, December 2005

Thermal stability of epitaxial SrRuO3 films as a function of oxygen pressure
journal, May 2004

Defects and transport in complex oxide thin films
journal, May 2008

Impact of the interplay between nonstoichiometry and kinetic energy of the plume species on the growth mode of SrTiO ₃ thin films
journal, December 2013

Strong polarization enhancement in asymmetric three-component ferroelectric superlattices
journal, January 2005

Atomic Control of the SrTiO₃ Crystal Surface
journal, December 1994

Blue-light emission at room temperature from Ar+-irradiated SrTiO3
journal, October 2005

Room-temperature ferroelectricity in strained SrTiO₃
journal, August 2004

Growth of homoepitaxial SrTiO3 thin films by molecular-beam epitaxy
journal, April 2009

Ion-deficient Phases in Titanium and Vanadium Compounds of the Perovskite Type ^1,2
journal, November 1957

Growth‐related stress and surface morphology in homoepitaxial SrTiO ₃ films
journal, January 1996

Epitaxial growth and electronic structure of LaTiOx films
journal, May 2002

Molecular beam epitaxy of SrTiO3 with a growth window
journal, July 2009

Dynamics of laser-ablated particles in newly developed eclipse PLD
conference, January 1996

Pulsed laser deposition-induced reduction of SrTiO3 crystals
journal, January 2010

Origin of surface roughness for c ‐axis oriented Y‐Ba‐Cu‐O superconducting films
journal, October 1990

Electric-field-induced superconductivity in an insulator
journal, October 2008

The production of low scattering dielectric mirrors using rotating vane particle filtration
journal, December 1969

A new laser ablation geometry for the production of smooth thin single-layer YBa2Cu3O7−x and multilayer YBa2Cu3O7−x/PrBa2Cu3O7−x films
journal, July 1992

Dynamics of laser ablation plume penetration through low pressure background gases
journal, July 1995

Atomic Layer Engineering of Perovskite Oxides for Chemically Sharp Heterointerfaces
journal, October 2012

Artificial charge-modulationin atomic-scale perovskite titanate superlattices
journal, September 2002

Strain Tuning of Ferroelectric Thin Films
journal, August 2007

Superconducting Transition Temperatures of Semiconducting SrTi $O_{3}$
journal, November 1967

Ferroelectricity in Strain-Free ${SrTiO}_{3}$ Thin Films
journal, May 2010

Nonlinear Hall effect and multichannel conduction in ${LaTiO}_{3} / {SrTiO}_{3}$ superlattices
journal, November 2010

Suppressed Dependence of Polarization on Epitaxial Strain in Highly Polar Ferroelectrics
journal, May 2007

Reflection high-energy electron diffraction and atomic force microscopy studies on homoepitaxial growth of SrTiO3(001)
journal, September 1998

Effect of oxygen vacancies in the ${SrTiO}_{3}$ substrate on the electrical properties of the ${LaAlO}_{3} ∕ {SrTiO}_{3}$ interface
journal, March 2007

High Mobility in ${LaAlO}_{3} / {SrTiO}_{3}$ Heterostructures: Origin, Dimensionality, and Perspectives
journal, May 2007

Optical absorption and transport in semiconducting SrTi $O_{3}$
journal, March 1975

Free-Carrier Absorption in Reduced SrTi $O_{3}$
journal, April 1966

Elastic effects of vacancies in strontium titanate: Short- and long-range strain fields, elastic dipole tensors, and chemical strain
journal, August 2009

Oxygen-deficient SrTiO3−x, x = 0.28, 0.17, and 0.08. Crystal growth, crystal structure, magnetic, and transport properties
journal, February 1991

Strain and oxygen vacancy ordering in ${SrTiO}_{3}$ : Diffuse x-ray scattering studies
journal, August 2015

Strong polarization enhancement in asymmetric three-component ferroelectric superlattices
journal, April 2005

Suppressed dependence of polarization on epitaxial strain in highly polar ferroelectrics
text, January 2007

Atomic layer engineering of perovskite oxides for chemically sharp heterointerfaces
text, January 2012

Growth mode control of the free carrier density in SrTiO3-d films
text, January 2006

Artificial charge-modulationin atomic-scale perovskite titanate superlattices
journal, September 2002

Atomic-scale imaging of nanoengineered oxygen vacancy profiles in SrTiO3
journal, August 2004

Room-temperature ferroelectricity in strained SrTiO₃
journal, August 2004

Resonant tunnelling in a quantum oxide superlattice
journal, June 2015

Epitaxial SrTiO₃ films with electron mobilities exceeding 30,000 cm² V^-1 s^-1
journal, April 2010

Molecular beam epitaxy of SrTiO3 with a growth window
journal, July 2009

Atomic Control of the SrTiO₃ Crystal Surface
journal, December 1994

Growth mode control of the free carrier density in SrTiO3-d films
text, January 2006

Nonequilibrium Synthesis of Highly Porous Single-Crystalline Oxide Nanostructures
journal, January 2017

Enhanced flexoelectricity at reduced dimensions revealed by mechanically tunable quantum tunnelling
journal, February 2019

UV radiation enhanced oxygen vacancy formation caused by the PLD plasma plume
journal, June 2018

Pulsed-laser epitaxy of topological insulator Bi ₂ Te ₃ thin films
journal, April 2019

Unraveling the enhanced Oxygen Vacancy Formation in Complex Oxides during Annealing and Growth
text, January 2017

Enhanced magnetism in lightly doped manganite heterostructures: strain or stoichiometry?
journal, January 2019

Metal Oxide Nanocomposites: A Perspective from Strain, Defect, and Interface
journal, October 2018

Metallicity in SrTiO ₃ substrates induced by pulsed laser deposition
journal, January 2019

Strain coupling of oxygen non-stoichiometry in perovskite thin films
journal, December 2017

Oxygen diffusion in oxide thin films grown on $SrTi O_{3}$
journal, December 2019

Graphene/BiVO4/TiO2 nanocomposite: tuning band gap energies for superior photocatalytic activity under visible light
journal, March 2017

Strain-enhanced topotactic hydrogen substitution for oxygen in SrTiO ₃ epitaxial thin film
journal, December 2018

Surface Characterizations and Selective Etching of Sr‐Rich Segregation on Top of SrVO ₃ Thin‐Films Grown by Pulsed Laser Deposition
journal, March 2019

Probing vacancy behavior across complex oxide heterointerfaces
text, January 2019

Tuning of the Optical Properties of the Transparent Conducting Oxide SrVO ₃ by Electronic Correlations
journal, January 2019

Stimulating Oxide Heterostructures: A Review on Controlling SrTiO ₃ ‐Based Heterointerfaces with External Stimuli
journal, August 2019

Multistaged discharge constructing heterostructure with enhanced solid-solution behavior for long-life lithium-oxygen batteries
journal, December 2019

A climbing image nudged elastic band method for finding saddle points and minimum energy paths
journal, December 2000

UV radiation enhanced oxygen vacancy formation caused by the PLD plasma plume
text, January 2018

Probing vacancy behavior across complex oxide heterointerfaces
journal, February 2019

Unraveling the enhanced Oxygen Vacancy Formation in Complex Oxides during Annealing and Growth
journal, January 2017

Enhanced flexoelectricity at reduced dimensions revealed by mechanically tunable quantum tunnelling
journal, February 2019

Multistaged discharge constructing heterostructure with enhanced solid-solution behavior for long-life lithium-oxygen batteries
journal, December 2019