The snowflake divertor

Ryutov, D. D.; Soukhanovskii, V. A.

doi:10.1063/1.4935115

Title: The snowflake divertor

Abstract

The snowflake magnetic configuration is characterized by the presence of two closely spaced poloidal field nulls that create a characteristic hexagonal (reminiscent of a snowflake) separatrix structure. The magnetic field properties and the plasma behaviour in the snowflake are determined by the simultaneous action of both nulls, this generating a lot of interesting physics, as well as providing a chance for improving divertor performance. One of the most interesting effects of the snowflake geometry is the heat flux sharing between multiple divertor channels. The authors summarise experimental results obtained with the snowflake configuration on several tokamaks. Wherever possible, relation to the existing theoretical models is described. Divertor concepts utilizing the properties of a snowflake configuration are briefly discussed.

Authors:

Ryutov, D. D. ^[1]; Soukhanovskii, V. A. ^[1]

Lawrence Livermore National Lab. (LLNL), Livermore, CA (United States)

Publication Date:: Tue Nov 17 00:00:00 EST 2015

Research Org.:: Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory (LLNL), Livermore, CA (United States)

Sponsoring Org.:: USDOE

OSTI Identifier:: 1241977

Alternate Identifier(s):: OSTI ID: 1226189

Report Number(s):: LLNL-JRNL-669814
Journal ID: ISSN 1070-664X; PHPAEN; TRN: US1600620

Grant/Contract Number:: AC52-07NA27344

Resource Type:: Accepted Manuscript

Journal Name:: Physics of Plasmas

Additional Journal Information:: Journal Volume: 22; Journal Issue: 11; Journal ID: ISSN 1070-664X

Publisher:: American Institute of Physics (AIP)

Country of Publication:: United States

Language:: English

Subject:: 70 PLASMA PHYSICS AND FUSION

Citation Formats


                    Ryutov, D. D., and Soukhanovskii, V. A. The snowflake divertor.  United States: N. p., 2015. 
Web.  doi:10.1063/1.4935115.

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                    Ryutov, D. D., & Soukhanovskii, V. A. The snowflake divertor.  United States.  https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4935115

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                    Ryutov, D. D., and Soukhanovskii, V. A. Tue .  
"The snowflake divertor".  United States.  https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4935115.  https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1241977.

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@article{osti_1241977,

  title        = {The snowflake divertor},

  author       = {Ryutov, D. D. and Soukhanovskii, V. A.},

  abstractNote = {The snowflake magnetic configuration is characterized by the presence of two closely spaced poloidal field nulls that create a characteristic hexagonal (reminiscent of a snowflake) separatrix structure. The magnetic field properties and the plasma behaviour in the snowflake are determined by the simultaneous action of both nulls, this generating a lot of interesting physics, as well as providing a chance for improving divertor performance. One of the most interesting effects of the snowflake geometry is the heat flux sharing between multiple divertor channels. The authors summarise experimental results obtained with the snowflake configuration on several tokamaks. Wherever possible, relation to the existing theoretical models is described. Divertor concepts utilizing the properties of a snowflake configuration are briefly discussed.},

  doi          = {10.1063/1.4935115},

  journal      = {Physics of Plasmas},

  number       = 11,

  volume       = 22,

  place        = {United States},

  year         = {Tue Nov 17 00:00:00 EST 2015},

  month        = {Tue Nov 17 00:00:00 EST 2015}

}

Copy to clipboard

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journal, April 2014

Zhengping Luo,
IEEE Transactions on Plasma Science, Vol. 42, Issue 4
DOI: 10.1109/TPS.2014.2307581

Calculation of Realistic Snowflake Equilibria for Next-Step Devices
journal, January 2013

Lackner, Karl; Zohm, Hartmut
Fusion Science and Technology, Vol. 63, Issue 1
DOI: 10.13182/FST12-520

The Plasma Boundary of Magnetic Fusion Devices
journal, January 2001

Ghendrih, Philippe
Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion, Vol. 43, Issue 2
DOI: 10.1088/0741-3335/43/2/702

Local scrape-off layer control using biased electrodes in NSTX
report, April 2009

Zweben, S. J.; Maqueda, R. J.; Roquemore, A. L.
DOI: 10.2172/953210

MAST-Upgrade Divertor Facility and Assessing Performance of Long-Legged Divertors
text, January 2013

Fishpool, G.; Canik, J.; Cunningham, G.
arXiv
DOI: 10.48550/arxiv.1306.6774

Magnetic Geometry and Physics of Advanced Divertors: The X-Divertor and the Snowflake
text, January 2013

Kotschenreuther, Mike; Valanju, Prashant; Covele, Brent
arXiv
DOI: 10.48550/arxiv.1309.5289

Works referencing / citing this record:

Design and simulation of the snowflake divertor control for NSTX–U
journal, January 2019

Vail, P. J.; Boyer, M. D.; Welander, A. S.
Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion, Vol. 61, Issue 3
DOI: 10.1088/1361-6587/aaf94a

Developing physics basis for the snowflake divertor in the DIII-D tokamak
journal, February 2018

Soukhanovskii, V. A.; Allen, S. L.; Fenstermacher, M. E.
Nuclear Fusion, Vol. 58, Issue 3
DOI: 10.1088/1741-4326/aaa6de

Plasma Power Recycling at the Divertor Surface
journal, January 2017

Tang, Xian-Zhu; Guo, Zehua
Fusion Science and Technology, Vol. 71, Issue 1
DOI: 10.13182/fst16-119

Separating the roles of magnetic topology and neutral trapping in modifying the detachment threshold for TCV
journal, January 2020

Fil, A.; Lipschultz, B.; Moulton, D.
Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion, Vol. 62, Issue 3
DOI: 10.1088/1361-6587/ab69bb

A review of radiative detachment studies in tokamak advanced magnetic divertor configurations
journal, April 2017

Soukhanovskii, V. A.
Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion, Vol. 59, Issue 6
DOI: 10.1088/1361-6587/aa6959

Divertor for a steady-state gas-dynamic trap
journal, October 2019

Kotelnikov, I. A.; Ivanov, A. A.; Yakovlev, D. V.
Nuclear Fusion, Vol. 60, Issue 1
DOI: 10.1088/1741-4326/ab4865

Initial development of the DIII–D snowflake divertor control
journal, April 2018

Kolemen, E.; Vail, P. J.; Makowski, M. A.
Nuclear Fusion, Vol. 58, Issue 6
DOI: 10.1088/1741-4326/aab0d3

Towards numerical optimization of snowflake topologies
journal, March 2018

Van den Kerkhof, S.; Blommaert, M.; Heumann, H.
Contributions to Plasma Physics, Vol. 58, Issue 6-8
DOI: 10.1002/ctpp.201700206

The effect of the secondary x-point on the scrape-off layer transport in the TCV snowflake minus divertor
journal, December 2018

Maurizio, R.; Tsui, C. K.; Duval, B. P.
Nuclear Fusion, Vol. 59, Issue 1
DOI: 10.1088/1741-4326/aaee1b

Performance assessment of long-legged tightly-baffled divertor geometries in the ARC reactor concept
journal, September 2019

Wigram, M. R. K.; LaBombard, B.; Umansky, M. V.
Nuclear Fusion, Vol. 59, Issue 10
DOI: 10.1088/1741-4326/ab394f

Similar Records in DOE PAGES and OSTI.GOV collections:

The snowflake divertor

Journal Article Ryutov, D. D. ; Soukhanovskii, V. A. - Physics of Plasmas

The snowflake magnetic configuration is characterized by the presence of two closely spaced poloidal field nulls that create a characteristic hexagonal (reminiscent of a snowflake) separatrix structure. The magnetic field properties and the plasma behaviour in the snowflake are determined by the simultaneous action of both nulls, this generating a lot of interesting physics, as well as providing a chance for improving divertor performance. Among potential beneficial effects of this geometry are: increased volume of a low poloidal field around the null, increased connection length, and the heat flux sharing between multiple divertor channels. The authors summarise experimental results obtainedmore »« less
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Handling the power and particle exhaust in fusion reactors based on tokamaks is a challenging problem [1,2]. To bring the energy flux to the divertor plates to an acceptable level (< 10 MW/m2), it is desirable to significantly increase poloidal flux expansion in the divertor area. Some recent ideas include that of a so-called X divertor [3] and a 'snowflake' divertor [4]. We use an acronym SF to designate the latter. In this paper we concentrate on the SF divertor. The general idea behind this configuration is that, by a proper selection of divertor (poloidal field) coils, one can makemore »« less
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The snowflake divertor exploits a tokamak geometry in which the poloidal magnetic field null approaches second order; the name stems from the characteristic hexagonal, snowflake-like, shape of the separatrix for an exact second-order null. The proximity of the poloidal field structure to that of a second-order null substantially modifies edge magnetic properties compared to the standard X-point geometry; this, in turn, affects the edge plasma behavior. Modifications include: (1) The flux expansion near the null-point becomes 2-3 times larger; (2) The connection length between the equatorial plane and divertor plate significantly increases; (3) Magnetic shear just inside the separatrix becomesmore »« less
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Simultaneous control of two proximate magnetic field nulls in the divertor region is demonstrated on DIII–D to enable plasma operations in an advanced magnetic configuration known as the snowflake divertor (SFD). The SFD is characterized by a second-order poloidal field null, created by merging two first-order nulls of the standard divertor configuration. The snowflake configuration has many magnetic properties, such as high poloidal flux expansion, large plasma-wetted area, and additional strike points, that are advantageous for divertor heat flux management in future fusion reactors. However, the magnetic configuration of the SFD is highly-sensitive to changes in currents within the plasmamore »« less
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Similar Records

Title: The snowflake divertor

Abstract

Citation Formats

Advanced divertor configurations with large flux expansion journal, July 2013

Geometrical properties of a “snowflake” divertor journal, June 2007

Plasma convection induced by toroidal asymmetries of the divertor plates and gas puffing journal, May 1997

X-transport: A baseline nonambipolar transport in a diverted tokamak plasma edge journal, September 2002

Axisymmetric curvature-driven instability in a model divertor geometry journal, September 2013

Magnetic geometry and physics of advanced divertors: The X-divertor and the snowflake journal, October 2013

Snowflake divertor experiments on TCV journal, November 2010

Plasma–surface interaction, scrape-off layer and divertor physics: implications for ITER journal, August 2007

Preliminary Comparison of the Conventional and Quasi-Snowflake Divertor Configurations with the 2D Code EDGE2D/EIRENE in the FAST Tokamak: Preliminary Comparison of the Conventional and Quasi-Snowflake Divertor Configurations with the 2D Code EDGE2D/EIRENE in the FAST Tokamak journal, June 2014

Heat flux management via advanced magnetic divertor configurations and divertor detachment journal, August 2015

Multi-Fluid Transport Modeling of NSTX Upgrade Standard and Snowflake Divertor Configurations: Multi-Fluid Transport Modeling of NSTX Upgrade Standard and Snowflake Divertor Configurations journal, June 2014

Chapter 4: Power and particle control journal, June 2007

Aspects of plasma-wall interaction in the ASDEX divertor experiment journal, December 1976

Chapter 4: Power and particle control journal, December 1999

The ‘churning mode’ of plasma convection in the tokamak divertor region journal, July 2014

Snowflake divertor plasmas on TCV journal, March 2009

Radiative snowflake divertor studies in DIII-D journal, August 2015

Ballooning modes localized near the null point of a divertor journal, April 2014

DIII-D research towards resolving key issues for ITER and steady-state tokamaks journal, September 2013

Preliminary 2D code simulation of the quasi-snowflake divertor configuration in the FAST tokamak journal, October 2013

Corrigendum: The ‘churning mode’ of plasma convection in the tokamak divertor region (2014 Phys. Scr. 89 088002) journal, August 2015

Compatibility of the radiating divertor with high performance plasmas in DIII-D journal, June 2007

“Snowflake” H Mode in a Tokamak Plasma journal, October 2010

Overview of physics results from the conclusive operation of the National Spherical Torus Experiment journal, September 2013

On heat loading, novel divertors, and fusion reactors journal, July 2007

Edge Stability and Pedestal Profile Sensitivity of Snowflake Diverted Equilibria in the TCV Tokamak journal, May 2010

Driving toroidally asymmetric current through the tokamak scrape-off layer. II. Magnetic field structure and spectrum journal, May 2009

Exhaust, ELM, and halo physics using the MAST tokamak journal, September 2003

Edge Plasma in Snowflake Divertor journal, May 2010

Experimental investigation of neon seeding in the snowflake configuration in TCV journal, August 2015

Local properties of the magnetic field in a snowflake divertor journal, August 2010

Engineering conceptual design of CFETR divertor journal, October 2015

A new experimental classification of divertor detachment in ASDEX Upgrade journal, November 2013

Linear peeling–ballooning mode simulations in snowflake-like divertor configuration using BOUT++ code journal, February 2014

Overview of recent and current research on the TCV tokamak journal, September 2013

Large E×B convection near the divertor X-point journal, March 2001

ADX: a high field, high power density, advanced divertor and RF tokamak journal, April 2015

A snowflake divertor: a possible solution to the power exhaust problem for tokamaks journal, November 2012

High density operation for reactor-relevant power exhaust journal, August 2015

ELM mitigation techniques journal, July 2013

The Plasma Boundary of Magnetic Fusion Devices book, January 2000

Scaling radiative divertor solutions to high power in DIII-D journal, April 2012

Tripe X-point tokamak divertor journal, March 1990

Plasma Edge Physics with B2-Eirene journal, February 2006

Analysis of geometric variations in high-power tokamak divertors journal, May 2009

The national spherical torus experiment (NSTX) research programme and progress towards high beta, long pulse operating scenarios journal, December 2003

Two-dimensional electric fields and drifts near the magnetic separatrix in divertor tokamaks journal, May 1999

Physics basis for the advanced tokamak fusion power plant, ARIES-AT journal, January 2006

Particle control and plasma performance in the Lithium Tokamak eXperiment journal, May 2013

Magnetic configuration flexibility of snowflake divertor for HL-2M journal, November 2014

Effect of the magnetic field geometry on the flute-like perturbations near the divertor X point journal, September 1993

MAST upgrade closed pumped divertor design and analysis journal, October 2011

Lithium capillary porous system behavior as PFM in FTU tokamak experiments journal, April 2009

Local scrape-off layer control using biased electrodes in NSTX journal, September 2009

MAST-upgrade divertor facility and assessing performance of long-legged divertors journal, July 2013

Simulation study of power load with impurity seeding in advanced divertor “short super-X divertor” for a tokamak reactor journal, August 2015

Power distribution in the snowflake divertor in TCV journal, November 2013

Divertor with a third-order null of the poloidal field journal, September 2013

Survey of target plate heat flux in diverted DIII-D tokamak discharges journal, August 1998

On description of magnetic stochasticity in poloidal divertor tokamaks journal, January 2008

The magnetic field structure of a snowflake divertor journal, September 2008

Comment on “Magnetic geometry and physics of advanced divertors: The X-divertor and the snowflake” [Phys. Plasmas 20 , 102507 (2013)] journal, May 2014

Evaluation of target-plate heat flux for a possible snowflake divertor in CFETR using SOLPS journal, August 2015

Heuristic drift-based model of the power scrape-off width in low-gas-puff H-mode tokamaks journal, December 2011

A full tungsten divertor for ITER: Physics issues and design status journal, July 2013

The Poloidal Divertor Experiment(PDX) and the Princeton Beta Experiment(PBX) journal, September 1985

Snowflake divertor configuration studies in National Spherical Torus Experiment journal, August 2012

Comparison of ELM heat loads in snowflake and standard divertors journal, July 2013

Plasma-wall interactions and plasma behaviour in fusion devices with liquid lithium plasma facing components journal, June 2009

A procedure for the design of snowflake magnetic configurations in tokamaks journal, February 2014

Application of the radiating divertor approach to innovative tokamak divertor concepts journal, August 2015

Power exhaust in the snowflake divertor for L- and H-mode TCV tokamak plasmas journal, February 2014

TECXY Code Simulation of Snowflake Divertor Configuration in DEMO Reactor: TECXY Code Simulation of Snowflake Divertor Configuration in DEMO Reactor journal, June 2014

Overview of the ARIES-RS reversed-shear tokamak power plant study journal, December 1997

Regime of Improved Confinement and High Beta in Neutral-Beam-Heated Divertor Discharges of the ASDEX Tokamak journal, November 1982

A quarter-century of H-mode studies journal, November 2007

Liquid-metal tokamak divertors journal, December 1992

Advanced divertor configurations with large flux expansion
journal, July 2013

Geometrical properties of a “snowflake” divertor
journal, June 2007

Plasma convection induced by toroidal asymmetries of the divertor plates and gas puffing
journal, May 1997

X-transport: A baseline nonambipolar transport in a diverted tokamak plasma edge
journal, September 2002

Axisymmetric curvature-driven instability in a model divertor geometry
journal, September 2013

Magnetic geometry and physics of advanced divertors: The X-divertor and the snowflake
journal, October 2013

Snowflake divertor experiments on TCV
journal, November 2010

Plasma–surface interaction, scrape-off layer and divertor physics: implications for ITER
journal, August 2007

Preliminary Comparison of the Conventional and Quasi-Snowflake Divertor Configurations with the 2D Code EDGE2D/EIRENE in the FAST Tokamak: Preliminary Comparison of the Conventional and Quasi-Snowflake Divertor Configurations with the 2D Code EDGE2D/EIRENE in the FAST Tokamak
journal, June 2014

Heat flux management via advanced magnetic divertor configurations and divertor detachment
journal, August 2015

Multi-Fluid Transport Modeling of NSTX Upgrade Standard and Snowflake Divertor Configurations: Multi-Fluid Transport Modeling of NSTX Upgrade Standard and Snowflake Divertor Configurations
journal, June 2014

Chapter 4: Power and particle control
journal, June 2007

Aspects of plasma-wall interaction in the ASDEX divertor experiment
journal, December 1976

Chapter 4: Power and particle control
journal, December 1999

The ‘churning mode’ of plasma convection in the tokamak divertor region
journal, July 2014

Snowflake divertor plasmas on TCV
journal, March 2009

Radiative snowflake divertor studies in DIII-D
journal, August 2015

Ballooning modes localized near the null point of a divertor
journal, April 2014

DIII-D research towards resolving key issues for ITER and steady-state tokamaks
journal, September 2013

Preliminary 2D code simulation of the quasi-snowflake divertor configuration in the FAST tokamak
journal, October 2013

Corrigendum: The ‘churning mode’ of plasma convection in the tokamak divertor region (2014 Phys. Scr. 89 088002)
journal, August 2015

Compatibility of the radiating divertor with high performance plasmas in DIII-D
journal, June 2007

“Snowflake” H Mode in a Tokamak Plasma
journal, October 2010

Overview of physics results from the conclusive operation of the National Spherical Torus Experiment
journal, September 2013

On heat loading, novel divertors, and fusion reactors
journal, July 2007

Edge Stability and Pedestal Profile Sensitivity of Snowflake Diverted Equilibria in the TCV Tokamak
journal, May 2010

Driving toroidally asymmetric current through the tokamak scrape-off layer. II. Magnetic field structure and spectrum
journal, May 2009

Exhaust, ELM, and halo physics using the MAST tokamak
journal, September 2003

Edge Plasma in Snowflake Divertor
journal, May 2010

Experimental investigation of neon seeding in the snowflake configuration in TCV
journal, August 2015

Local properties of the magnetic field in a snowflake divertor
journal, August 2010

Engineering conceptual design of CFETR divertor
journal, October 2015

A new experimental classification of divertor detachment in ASDEX Upgrade
journal, November 2013

Linear peeling–ballooning mode simulations in snowflake-like divertor configuration using BOUT++ code
journal, February 2014

Overview of recent and current research on the TCV tokamak
journal, September 2013

Large E×B convection near the divertor X-point
journal, March 2001

ADX: a high field, high power density, advanced divertor and RF tokamak
journal, April 2015

A snowflake divertor: a possible solution to the power exhaust problem for tokamaks
journal, November 2012

High density operation for reactor-relevant power exhaust
journal, August 2015

ELM mitigation techniques
journal, July 2013

The Plasma Boundary of Magnetic Fusion Devices
book, January 2000

Scaling radiative divertor solutions to high power in DIII-D
journal, April 2012

Tripe X-point tokamak divertor
journal, March 1990

Plasma Edge Physics with B2-Eirene
journal, February 2006

Analysis of geometric variations in high-power tokamak divertors
journal, May 2009

The national spherical torus experiment (NSTX) research programme and progress towards high beta, long pulse operating scenarios
journal, December 2003

Two-dimensional electric fields and drifts near the magnetic separatrix in divertor tokamaks
journal, May 1999

Physics basis for the advanced tokamak fusion power plant, ARIES-AT
journal, January 2006

Particle control and plasma performance in the Lithium Tokamak eXperiment
journal, May 2013

Magnetic configuration flexibility of snowflake divertor for HL-2M
journal, November 2014

Effect of the magnetic field geometry on the flute-like perturbations near the divertor X point
journal, September 1993

MAST upgrade closed pumped divertor design and analysis
journal, October 2011

Lithium capillary porous system behavior as PFM in FTU tokamak experiments
journal, April 2009

Local scrape-off layer control using biased electrodes in NSTX
journal, September 2009

MAST-upgrade divertor facility and assessing performance of long-legged divertors
journal, July 2013

Simulation study of power load with impurity seeding in advanced divertor “short super-X divertor” for a tokamak reactor
journal, August 2015

Power distribution in the snowflake divertor in TCV
journal, November 2013

Divertor with a third-order null of the poloidal field
journal, September 2013

Survey of target plate heat flux in diverted DIII-D tokamak discharges
journal, August 1998

On description of magnetic stochasticity in poloidal divertor tokamaks
journal, January 2008

The magnetic field structure of a snowflake divertor
journal, September 2008

Comment on “Magnetic geometry and physics of advanced divertors: The X-divertor and the snowflake” [Phys. Plasmas 20 , 102507 (2013)]
journal, May 2014

Evaluation of target-plate heat flux for a possible snowflake divertor in CFETR using SOLPS
journal, August 2015

Heuristic drift-based model of the power scrape-off width in low-gas-puff H-mode tokamaks
journal, December 2011

A full tungsten divertor for ITER: Physics issues and design status
journal, July 2013

The Poloidal Divertor Experiment(PDX) and the Princeton Beta Experiment(PBX)
journal, September 1985

Snowflake divertor configuration studies in National Spherical Torus Experiment
journal, August 2012

Comparison of ELM heat loads in snowflake and standard divertors
journal, July 2013

Plasma-wall interactions and plasma behaviour in fusion devices with liquid lithium plasma facing components
journal, June 2009

A procedure for the design of snowflake magnetic configurations in tokamaks
journal, February 2014

Application of the radiating divertor approach to innovative tokamak divertor concepts
journal, August 2015

Power exhaust in the snowflake divertor for L- and H-mode TCV tokamak plasmas
journal, February 2014

TECXY Code Simulation of Snowflake Divertor Configuration in DEMO Reactor: TECXY Code Simulation of Snowflake Divertor Configuration in DEMO Reactor
journal, June 2014

Overview of the ARIES-RS reversed-shear tokamak power plant study
journal, December 1997

Regime of Improved Confinement and High Beta in Neutral-Beam-Heated Divertor Discharges of the ASDEX Tokamak
journal, November 1982

A quarter-century of H-mode studies
journal, November 2007

Liquid-metal tokamak divertors
journal, December 1992

Distributed Divertor Radiation through Convection in DIII-D
journal, June 1997

Guidance of Divertor Channel by Cusp-Like Magnetic Field for Tokamak Devices
journal, March 2001

Divertor geometry effects on detachment in TCV
journal, March 2001