Diamond formation due to a pH drop during fluid–rock interactions

Sverjensky, Dimitri A.; Huang, Fang

doi:10.1038/ncomms9702

Title: Diamond formation due to a pH drop during fluid–rock interactions

Abstract

Diamond formation has typically been attributed to redox reactions during precipitation from fluids or magmas. Either the oxidation of methane or the reduction of carbon dioxide has been suggested, based on simplistic models of deep fluids consisting of mixtures of dissolved neutral gas molecules without consideration of aqueous ions. The role of pH changes associated with water–silicate rock interactions during diamond formation is unknown. Here we show that diamonds could form due to a drop in pH during water–rock interactions. We use a recent theoretical model of deep fluids that includes ions, to show that fluid can react irreversibly with eclogite at 900 °C and 5.0 GPa, generating diamond and secondary minerals due to a decrease in pH at almost constant oxygen fugacity. Overall, our results constitute a new quantitative theory of diamond formation as a consequence of the reaction of deep fluids with the rock types that they encounter during migration. Diamond can form in the deep Earth during water–rock interactions without changes in oxidation state.

Authors:

Sverjensky, Dimitri A. ^[1];

^[1]

Johns Hopkins Univ., Baltimore, MD (United States)

Publication Date:: Tue Nov 03 00:00:00 EST 2015

Research Org.:: Johns Hopkins Univ., Baltimore, MD (United States)

Sponsoring Org.:: USDOE Office of Science (SC)

OSTI Identifier:: 1239809

Grant/Contract Number:: FG02-96ER14616

Resource Type:: Accepted Manuscript

Journal Name:: Nature Communications

Additional Journal Information:: Journal Volume: 6; Journal ID: ISSN 2041-1723

Publisher:: Nature Publishing Group

Country of Publication:: United States

Language:: English

Subject:: 36 MATERIALS SCIENCE; 37 INORGANIC, ORGANIC, PHYSICAL, AND ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY

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                    Sverjensky, Dimitri A., and Huang, Fang. Diamond formation due to a pH drop during fluid–rock interactions.  United States: N. p., 2015. 
Web.  doi:10.1038/ncomms9702.

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                    Sverjensky, Dimitri A., & Huang, Fang. Diamond formation due to a pH drop during fluid–rock interactions.  United States.  https://doi.org/10.1038/ncomms9702

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                    Sverjensky, Dimitri A., and Huang, Fang. Tue .  
"Diamond formation due to a pH drop during fluid–rock interactions".  United States.  https://doi.org/10.1038/ncomms9702.  https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1239809.

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@article{osti_1239809,

  title        = {Diamond formation due to a pH drop during fluid–rock interactions},

  author       = {Sverjensky, Dimitri A. and Huang, Fang},

  abstractNote = {Diamond formation has typically been attributed to redox reactions during precipitation from fluids or magmas. Either the oxidation of methane or the reduction of carbon dioxide has been suggested, based on simplistic models of deep fluids consisting of mixtures of dissolved neutral gas molecules without consideration of aqueous ions. The role of pH changes associated with water–silicate rock interactions during diamond formation is unknown. Here we show that diamonds could form due to a drop in pH during water–rock interactions. We use a recent theoretical model of deep fluids that includes ions, to show that fluid can react irreversibly with eclogite at 900 °C and 5.0 GPa, generating diamond and secondary minerals due to a decrease in pH at almost constant oxygen fugacity. Overall, our results constitute a new quantitative theory of diamond formation as a consequence of the reaction of deep fluids with the rock types that they encounter during migration. Diamond can form in the deep Earth during water–rock interactions without changes in oxidation state.},

  doi          = {10.1038/ncomms9702},

  journal      = {Nature Communications},

  number       = ,

  volume       = 6,

  place        = {United States},

  year         = {Tue Nov 03 00:00:00 EST 2015},

  month        = {Tue Nov 03 00:00:00 EST 2015}

}

Copy to clipboard

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There is an increasing opportunity to recover bypassed oil from depleted, mature oilfields in the US. The recovery factor in many reservoirs is low due to inefficient displacement of the oil by injected fluids (typically water). The use of chemical flooding methods to increase recovery efficiencies is severely constrained by the inability of the injected chemicals to contact the bypassed oil. Low sweep efficiencies are the primary cause of low oil recoveries observed in the field in chemical flooding operations even when lab studies indicate high oil recovery efficiency. Any technology that increases the ability of chemical flooding agents tomore »« less
https://doi.org/10.2172/941104

Full Text Available
Experimental and theoretical constraints on the origin of mid-ocean ridge geothermal fluids

Thesis/Dissertation Berndt, M E

Hydrothermal experiments were performed using basalt, diabase, and two synthetic plagioclase bearing assemblages and Na-Ca-K-Cl fluids of seawater chlorinity at conditions from 350 to 425/sup 0/C and 250 to 400 bars. Dissolved Ca, Na, SiO/sub 2/, and pH appear to be controlled by equilibrium with plagioclase and epidote. Fluids reacting with diabase at low fluid/rock ratios (0.5-1) remain undersaturated with respect to quartz due to formation of olivine hydration products, whereas fluids reacting with basalt become supersaturated with respect to quartz due to breakdown of fractionated glass and formation of amphibole. High SiO/sub 2/ activities during basalt alteration, leads tomore »« less

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Title: Diamond formation due to a pH drop during fluid–rock interactions

Abstract

Citation Formats

Diamonds and the Geology of Mantle Carbon journal, January 2013

Highly saline fluids from a subducting slab as the source for fluid-rich diamonds journal, August 2015

Fluid regime and diamond formation in the reduced mantle: Experimental constraints journal, October 2009

Methane-related diamond crystallization in the Earth's mantle: Stable isotope evidences from a single diamond-bearing xenolith journal, May 2007

Thermodynamic Modeling of Fluid-Rock Interaction at Mid-Crustal to Upper-Mantle Conditions journal, January 2013

Systematics of Sulfur and Carbon Isotopes in Hydrothermal Ore Deposits journal, August 1972

Water in the deep Earth: The dielectric constant and the solubilities of quartz and corundum to 60kb and 1200°C journal, March 2014

Premelting polymerization of crustal and mantle fluids, as indicated by the solubility of albite+paragonite+quartz in H2O at 1GPa and 350–620°C journal, April 2010

Co-existing fluid and silicate inclusions in mantle diamond journal, October 2006

Hydrous and carbonatitic mantle fluids in fibrous diamonds from Jwaneng, Botswana journal, January 1994

Multiple growth events, processes and fluid sources involved in diamond genesis: A micro-analytical study of sulphide-bearing diamonds from Finsch mine, RSA journal, April 2013

Diamond formation by carbon saturation in C–O–H fluids during cold subduction of oceanic lithosphere journal, October 2014

Evidence for SiO 2 -NaCl complexing in H 2 O-NaCl solutions at high pressure and temperature journal, September 2015

Trace element signature of subduction-zone fluids, melts and supercritical liquids at 120–180 km depth journal, September 2005

The secondary origin of diamonds: multi-modal radiation tomography of diamondiferous mantle eclogites journal, June 2014

A new model for the evolution of diamond-forming fluids: Evidence from microinclusion-bearing diamonds from Kankan, Guinea journal, November 2009

IR spectroscopy: Quantitative determination of the mineralogy and bulk composition of fluid microinclusions in diamonds journal, July 2010

Diamonds, Eclogites, and the Oxidation State of the Earth's Mantle journal, July 1993

Can diamonds be dead bacteria? journal, February 1994

Mineral inclusions in fibrous diamonds: constraints on cratonic mantle refertilization and diamond formation journal, August 2013

Constraining the internal variability of the stable isotopes of carbon and nitrogen within mantle diamonds journal, February 2014

Mantle-slab interaction and redox mechanism of diamond formation journal, December 2013

A model for C–O–H fluid in the Earth’s mantle journal, April 2009

Metamorphic devolatilization of subducted marine sediments and the transport of volatiles into the Earth's mantle journal, May 2001

The growth of fibrous, cloudy and polycrystalline diamonds journal, January 2012

Equilibrium Activity Diagrams book, January 1984

Diamond formation — Where, when and how? journal, April 2015

High-Mg carbonatitic microinclusions in some Yakutian diamonds—a new type of diamond-forming fluid journal, November 2009

Geochemistry of continental subduction-zone fluids journal, January 2014

Experimental investigation of the solubility of albite and jadeite in H2O, with paragonite+quartz at 500 and 600°C, and 1–2.25GPa journal, May 2011

The water–basalt system at 4 to 6 GPa: Phase relations and second critical endpoint in a K-free eclogite at 700 to 1400 °C journal, September 2005

A novel approach to determine high-pressure high-temperature fluid and melt compositions using diamond-trap experiments journal, July 2004

Dielectric properties of water under extreme conditions and transport of carbonates in the deep Earth journal, March 2013

High-density fluids and the growth of monocrystalline diamonds journal, September 2014

In situ Raman study and thermodynamic model of aqueous carbonate speciation in equilibrium with aragonite under subduction zone conditions journal, May 2014

Local environment and valence state of iron in microinclusions in fibrous diamonds: X-ray absorption and Mössbauer data journal, December 2010

Important role for organic carbon in subduction-zone fluids in the deep carbon cycle journal, November 2014

Melting of metasomatized peridotite at 4–6 GPa and up to 1200 °C: an experimental approach journal, April 2015

The origin of cratonic diamonds — Constraints from mineral inclusions journal, September 2008

Sediment Melts at Sub-arc Depths: an Experimental Study journal, December 2007

Fluid inclusions in diamonds from the Diavik mine, Canada and the evolution of diamond-forming fluids journal, February 2007

Stable Isotopes and the Origin of Diamond journal, March 2005

Deep Fluids in Subducted Continental Crust journal, August 2013

The sources and time-integrated evolution of diamond-forming fluids – Trace elements and isotopic evidence journal, January 2014

Diamond Formation: A Stable Isotope Perspective journal, May 2014

Carbonate dissolution during subduction revealed by diamond-bearing rocks from the Alps journal, September 2011

Metamorphic devolatilization of subducted oceanic metabasalts: implications for seismicity, arc magmatism and volatile recycling journal, June 2001

H 2 O subduction beyond arcs: H 2 O SUBDUCTION BEYOND ARCS journal, March 2008

Age, Origin, and Emplacement of Diamonds: Scientific Advances in the Last Decade journal, April 1991

Empirical evidence for the fractionation of carbon isotopes between diamond and iron carbide from the Earth's mantle: DIAMOND-CARBIDE ISOTOPE FRACTIONATION journal, April 2014

Calculation of the thermodynamic properties of aqueous species at high pressures and temperatures. Effective electrostatic radii, dissociation constants and standard partial molal properties to 1000 °C and 5 kbar journal, January 1992

Inorganic species in geologic fluids: Correlations among standard molal thermodynamic properties of aqueous ions and hydroxide complexes journal, March 1997

Brine inclusions in diamonds: a new upper mantle fluid journal, May 2001

The water–basalt system at 4 to 6 GPa: Phase relations and second critical endpoint in a K-free eclogite at 700 to 1400 °C text, January 2005

Melting of metasomatized peridotite at 4–6 GPa and up to 1200 °C: an experimental approach text, January 2015

Geochemistry of continental subduction-zone fluids text, January 2014

Sediment melts at sub-arc depths: An experimental study text, January 2008

A novel approach to determine high-pressure high-temperature fluid and melt compositions using diamond-trap experiments text, January 2004

Deep Fluids in Subducted Continental Crust text, January 2013

Hydrous and carbonatitic mantle fluids in fibrous diamonds from Jwaneng, Botswana journal, January 1994

Experimental investigation of the solubility of albite and jadeite in H2O, with paragonite+quartz at 500 and 600°C, and 1–2.25GPa journal, May 2011

Metamorphic devolatilization of subducted marine sediments and the transport of volatiles into the Earth's mantle journal, May 2001

Carbonate dissolution during subduction revealed by diamond-bearing rocks from the Alps journal, September 2011

Deep water gives up another secret journal, April 2013

Mantle-slab interaction and redox mechanism of diamond formation journal, December 2013

Diamonds, Eclogites, and the Oxidation State of the Earth's Mantle journal, July 1993

Systematics of Sulfur and Carbon Isotopes in Hydrothermal Ore Deposits journal, August 1972

Stable Isotopes and the Origin of Diamond journal, March 2005

Trace element signature of subduction-zone fluids, melts and supercritical liquids at 120–180 km depth text, January 2005

Immiscible hydrocarbon fluids in the deep carbon cycle journal, June 2017

Diamond growth from organic compounds in hydrous fluids deep within the Earth journal, October 2019

Carbon sequestration during core formation implied by complex carbon polymerization journal, February 2019

Uncovering and quantifying the subduction zone sulfur cycle from the slab perspective journal, January 2020

Thermodynamic modelling of fluids from surficial to mantle conditions journal, February 2019

Highly oxidising fluids generated during serpentinite breakdown in subduction zones journal, September 2017

Diamond Growth from Organic Compounds in Hydrous Fluids Deep within the Earth conference, January 2020

Uncovering and quantifying the subduction zone sulfur cycle from the slab perspective text, January 2020

Diamonds and the Geology of Mantle Carbon
journal, January 2013

Highly saline fluids from a subducting slab as the source for fluid-rich diamonds
journal, August 2015

Fluid regime and diamond formation in the reduced mantle: Experimental constraints
journal, October 2009

Methane-related diamond crystallization in the Earth's mantle: Stable isotope evidences from a single diamond-bearing xenolith
journal, May 2007

Thermodynamic Modeling of Fluid-Rock Interaction at Mid-Crustal to Upper-Mantle Conditions
journal, January 2013

Systematics of Sulfur and Carbon Isotopes in Hydrothermal Ore Deposits
journal, August 1972

Water in the deep Earth: The dielectric constant and the solubilities of quartz and corundum to 60kb and 1200°C
journal, March 2014

Premelting polymerization of crustal and mantle fluids, as indicated by the solubility of albite+paragonite+quartz in H2O at 1GPa and 350–620°C
journal, April 2010

Co-existing fluid and silicate inclusions in mantle diamond
journal, October 2006

Hydrous and carbonatitic mantle fluids in fibrous diamonds from Jwaneng, Botswana
journal, January 1994

Multiple growth events, processes and fluid sources involved in diamond genesis: A micro-analytical study of sulphide-bearing diamonds from Finsch mine, RSA
journal, April 2013

Diamond formation by carbon saturation in C–O–H fluids during cold subduction of oceanic lithosphere
journal, October 2014

Evidence for SiO ₂ -NaCl complexing in H ₂ O-NaCl solutions at high pressure and temperature
journal, September 2015

Trace element signature of subduction-zone fluids, melts and supercritical liquids at 120–180 km depth
journal, September 2005

The secondary origin of diamonds: multi-modal radiation tomography of diamondiferous mantle eclogites
journal, June 2014

A new model for the evolution of diamond-forming fluids: Evidence from microinclusion-bearing diamonds from Kankan, Guinea
journal, November 2009

IR spectroscopy: Quantitative determination of the mineralogy and bulk composition of fluid microinclusions in diamonds
journal, July 2010

Diamonds, Eclogites, and the Oxidation State of the Earth's Mantle
journal, July 1993

Can diamonds be dead bacteria?
journal, February 1994

Mineral inclusions in fibrous diamonds: constraints on cratonic mantle refertilization and diamond formation
journal, August 2013

Constraining the internal variability of the stable isotopes of carbon and nitrogen within mantle diamonds
journal, February 2014

Mantle-slab interaction and redox mechanism of diamond formation
journal, December 2013

A model for C–O–H fluid in the Earth’s mantle
journal, April 2009

Metamorphic devolatilization of subducted marine sediments and the transport of volatiles into the Earth's mantle
journal, May 2001

The growth of fibrous, cloudy and polycrystalline diamonds
journal, January 2012

Equilibrium Activity Diagrams
book, January 1984

Diamond formation — Where, when and how?
journal, April 2015

High-Mg carbonatitic microinclusions in some Yakutian diamonds—a new type of diamond-forming fluid
journal, November 2009

Geochemistry of continental subduction-zone fluids
journal, January 2014

Experimental investigation of the solubility of albite and jadeite in H2O, with paragonite+quartz at 500 and 600°C, and 1–2.25GPa
journal, May 2011

The water–basalt system at 4 to 6 GPa: Phase relations and second critical endpoint in a K-free eclogite at 700 to 1400 °C
journal, September 2005

A novel approach to determine high-pressure high-temperature fluid and melt compositions using diamond-trap experiments
journal, July 2004

Dielectric properties of water under extreme conditions and transport of carbonates in the deep Earth
journal, March 2013

High-density fluids and the growth of monocrystalline diamonds
journal, September 2014

In situ Raman study and thermodynamic model of aqueous carbonate speciation in equilibrium with aragonite under subduction zone conditions
journal, May 2014

Local environment and valence state of iron in microinclusions in fibrous diamonds: X-ray absorption and Mössbauer data
journal, December 2010

Important role for organic carbon in subduction-zone fluids in the deep carbon cycle
journal, November 2014

Melting of metasomatized peridotite at 4–6 GPa and up to 1200 °C: an experimental approach
journal, April 2015

The origin of cratonic diamonds — Constraints from mineral inclusions
journal, September 2008

Sediment Melts at Sub-arc Depths: an Experimental Study
journal, December 2007

Fluid inclusions in diamonds from the Diavik mine, Canada and the evolution of diamond-forming fluids
journal, February 2007

Stable Isotopes and the Origin of Diamond
journal, March 2005

Deep Fluids in Subducted Continental Crust
journal, August 2013

The sources and time-integrated evolution of diamond-forming fluids – Trace elements and isotopic evidence
journal, January 2014

Diamond Formation: A Stable Isotope Perspective
journal, May 2014

Carbonate dissolution during subduction revealed by diamond-bearing rocks from the Alps
journal, September 2011

Metamorphic devolatilization of subducted oceanic metabasalts: implications for seismicity, arc magmatism and volatile recycling
journal, June 2001

H ₂ O subduction beyond arcs: H ₂ O SUBDUCTION BEYOND ARCS
journal, March 2008

Age, Origin, and Emplacement of Diamonds: Scientific Advances in the Last Decade
journal, April 1991

Empirical evidence for the fractionation of carbon isotopes between diamond and iron carbide from the Earth's mantle: DIAMOND-CARBIDE ISOTOPE FRACTIONATION
journal, April 2014

Calculation of the thermodynamic properties of aqueous species at high pressures and temperatures. Effective electrostatic radii, dissociation constants and standard partial molal properties to 1000 °C and 5 kbar
journal, January 1992

Inorganic species in geologic fluids: Correlations among standard molal thermodynamic properties of aqueous ions and hydroxide complexes
journal, March 1997

Brine inclusions in diamonds: a new upper mantle fluid
journal, May 2001

The water–basalt system at 4 to 6 GPa: Phase relations and second critical endpoint in a K-free eclogite at 700 to 1400 °C
text, January 2005

Melting of metasomatized peridotite at 4–6 GPa and up to 1200 °C: an experimental approach
text, January 2015

Geochemistry of continental subduction-zone fluids
text, January 2014

Sediment melts at sub-arc depths: An experimental study
text, January 2008

A novel approach to determine high-pressure high-temperature fluid and melt compositions using diamond-trap experiments
text, January 2004

Deep Fluids in Subducted Continental Crust
text, January 2013

Hydrous and carbonatitic mantle fluids in fibrous diamonds from Jwaneng, Botswana
journal, January 1994

Experimental investigation of the solubility of albite and jadeite in H2O, with paragonite+quartz at 500 and 600°C, and 1–2.25GPa
journal, May 2011

Metamorphic devolatilization of subducted marine sediments and the transport of volatiles into the Earth's mantle
journal, May 2001

Carbonate dissolution during subduction revealed by diamond-bearing rocks from the Alps
journal, September 2011

Deep water gives up another secret
journal, April 2013

Mantle-slab interaction and redox mechanism of diamond formation
journal, December 2013

Diamonds, Eclogites, and the Oxidation State of the Earth's Mantle
journal, July 1993

Systematics of Sulfur and Carbon Isotopes in Hydrothermal Ore Deposits
journal, August 1972

Stable Isotopes and the Origin of Diamond
journal, March 2005

Trace element signature of subduction-zone fluids, melts and supercritical liquids at 120–180 km depth
text, January 2005

Immiscible hydrocarbon fluids in the deep carbon cycle
journal, June 2017

Diamond growth from organic compounds in hydrous fluids deep within the Earth
journal, October 2019

Carbon sequestration during core formation implied by complex carbon polymerization
journal, February 2019

Uncovering and quantifying the subduction zone sulfur cycle from the slab perspective
journal, January 2020

Thermodynamic modelling of fluids from surficial to mantle conditions
journal, February 2019

Highly oxidising fluids generated during serpentinite breakdown in subduction zones
journal, September 2017

Diamond Growth from Organic Compounds in Hydrous Fluids Deep within the Earth
conference, January 2020

Uncovering and quantifying the subduction zone sulfur cycle from the slab perspective
text, January 2020

Immiscible hydrocarbon fluids in the deep carbon cycle
journal, June 2017

Carbon sequestration during core formation implied by complex carbon polymerization
journal, February 2019

The lower pT limit of deep hydrocarbon synthesis by CaCO3 aqueous reduction
journal, July 2017