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Title: Direct-drive inertial confinement fusion: A review

Abstract

In this study, the direct-drive, laser-based approach to inertial confinement fusion (ICF) is reviewed from its inception following the demonstration of the first laser to its implementation on the present generation of high-power lasers. The review focuses on the evolution of scientific understanding gained from target-physics experiments in many areas, identifying problems that were demonstrated and the solutions implemented. The review starts with the basic understanding of laser–plasma interactions that was obtained before the declassification of laser-induced compression in the early 1970s and continues with the compression experiments using infrared lasers in the late 1970s that produced thermonuclear neutrons. The problem of suprathermal electrons and the target preheat that they caused, associated with the infrared laser wavelength, led to lasers being built after 1980 to operate at shorter wavelengths, especially 0.35 um—the third harmonic of the Nd:glass laser—and 0.248 um (the KrF gas laser). The main physics areas relevant to direct drive are reviewed. The primary absorption mechanism at short wavelengths is classical inverse bremsstrahlung. Nonuniformities imprinted on the target by laser irradiation have been addressed by the development of a number of beam-smoothing techniques and imprint-mitigation strategies. The effects of hydrodynamic instabilities are mitigated by a combination of imprintmore » reduction and target designs that minimize the instability growth rates. Several coronal plasma physics processes are reviewed. The two-plasmon–decay instability, stimulated Brillouin scattering (together with cross-beam energy transfer), and (possibly) stimulated Raman scattering are identified as potential concerns, placing constraints on the laser intensities used in target designs, while other processes (self-focusing and filamentation, the parametric decay instability, and magnetic fields), once considered important, are now of lesser concern for mainline direct-drive target concepts. Filamentation is largely suppressed by beam smoothing. Thermal transport modeling, important to the interpretation of experiments and to target design, has been found to be non-local in nature. Advances in shock timing and equation-of-state measurements relevant to direct-drive ICF are reported. Room-temperature implosions have provided an increased understanding of the importance of stability and uniformity. The evolution of cryogenic implosion capabilities, leading to an extensive series carried out on the 60-beam OMEGA laser [T. R. Boehly et al., Opt. Commun. 133, 495 (1997)], is reviewed together with major advances in cryogenic target formation. A polar-drive concept has been developed that will enable direct-drive–ignition experiments to be performed on the National Ignition Facility [C. A. Haynam et al., Appl. Opt. 46 (16), 3276 (2007)]. The advantages offered by the alternative approaches of fast ignition and shock ignition and the issues associated with these concepts are described. The lessons learned from target-physics and implosion experiments are taken into account in ignition and high-gain target designs for laser wavelengths of 1/3 μm and 1/4 μm. Substantial advances in direct-drive inertial fusion reactor concepts are reviewed. Overall, the progress in scientific understanding over the past five decades has been enormous, to the point that inertial fusion energy using direct drive shows significant promise as a future environmentally attractive energy source.« less

Authors:
 [1];  [1];  [1];  [1];  [1];  [1];  [1];  [1];  [1];  [1];  [2];  [2];  [1];  [1];  [1];  [3];  [4];  [1];  [1];  [1] more »;  [1];  [1];  [1];  [1];  [1];  [1];  [1];  [1];  [1];  [1];  [1];  [1] « less
  1. Univ. of Rochester, Rochester, NY (United States)
  2. Naval Research Lab. (NRL), Washington, DC (United States)
  3. Lawrence Livermore National Lab. (LLNL), Livermore, CA (United States)
  4. Osaka Univ., Osaka (Japan)
Publication Date:
Research Org.:
Univ. of Rochester, NY (United States)
Sponsoring Org.:
USDOE
OSTI Identifier:
1227898
Grant/Contract Number:  
NA0001944
Resource Type:
Accepted Manuscript
Journal Name:
Physics of Plasmas
Additional Journal Information:
Journal Volume: 22; Journal Issue: 11; Journal ID: ISSN 1070-664X
Publisher:
American Institute of Physics (AIP)
Country of Publication:
United States
Language:
English
Subject:
70 PLASMA PHYSICS AND FUSION TECHNOLOGY

Citation Formats

Craxton, R. S., Anderson, K. S., Boehly, T. R., Goncharov, V. N., Harding, D. R., Knauer, J. P., McCrory, R. L., McKenty, P. W., Meyerhofer, D. D., Myatt, J. F., Schmitt, A. J., Sethian, J. D., Short, R. W., Skupsky, S., Theobald, W., Kruer, W. L., Tanaka, K., Betti, R., Collins, T. J. B., Delettrez, J. A., Hu, S. X., Marozas, J. A., Maximov, A. V., Michel, D. T., Radha, P. B., Regan, S. P., Sangster, T. C., Seka, W., Solodov, A. A., Soures, J. M., Stoeckl, C., and Zuegel, J. D. Direct-drive inertial confinement fusion: A review. United States: N. p., 2015. Web. doi:10.1063/1.4934714.
Craxton, R. S., Anderson, K. S., Boehly, T. R., Goncharov, V. N., Harding, D. R., Knauer, J. P., McCrory, R. L., McKenty, P. W., Meyerhofer, D. D., Myatt, J. F., Schmitt, A. J., Sethian, J. D., Short, R. W., Skupsky, S., Theobald, W., Kruer, W. L., Tanaka, K., Betti, R., Collins, T. J. B., Delettrez, J. A., Hu, S. X., Marozas, J. A., Maximov, A. V., Michel, D. T., Radha, P. B., Regan, S. P., Sangster, T. C., Seka, W., Solodov, A. A., Soures, J. M., Stoeckl, C., & Zuegel, J. D. Direct-drive inertial confinement fusion: A review. United States. https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4934714
Craxton, R. S., Anderson, K. S., Boehly, T. R., Goncharov, V. N., Harding, D. R., Knauer, J. P., McCrory, R. L., McKenty, P. W., Meyerhofer, D. D., Myatt, J. F., Schmitt, A. J., Sethian, J. D., Short, R. W., Skupsky, S., Theobald, W., Kruer, W. L., Tanaka, K., Betti, R., Collins, T. J. B., Delettrez, J. A., Hu, S. X., Marozas, J. A., Maximov, A. V., Michel, D. T., Radha, P. B., Regan, S. P., Sangster, T. C., Seka, W., Solodov, A. A., Soures, J. M., Stoeckl, C., and Zuegel, J. D. Wed . "Direct-drive inertial confinement fusion: A review". United States. https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4934714. https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1227898.
@article{osti_1227898,
title = {Direct-drive inertial confinement fusion: A review},
author = {Craxton, R. S. and Anderson, K. S. and Boehly, T. R. and Goncharov, V. N. and Harding, D. R. and Knauer, J. P. and McCrory, R. L. and McKenty, P. W. and Meyerhofer, D. D. and Myatt, J. F. and Schmitt, A. J. and Sethian, J. D. and Short, R. W. and Skupsky, S. and Theobald, W. and Kruer, W. L. and Tanaka, K. and Betti, R. and Collins, T. J. B. and Delettrez, J. A. and Hu, S. X. and Marozas, J. A. and Maximov, A. V. and Michel, D. T. and Radha, P. B. and Regan, S. P. and Sangster, T. C. and Seka, W. and Solodov, A. A. and Soures, J. M. and Stoeckl, C. and Zuegel, J. D.},
abstractNote = {In this study, the direct-drive, laser-based approach to inertial confinement fusion (ICF) is reviewed from its inception following the demonstration of the first laser to its implementation on the present generation of high-power lasers. The review focuses on the evolution of scientific understanding gained from target-physics experiments in many areas, identifying problems that were demonstrated and the solutions implemented. The review starts with the basic understanding of laser–plasma interactions that was obtained before the declassification of laser-induced compression in the early 1970s and continues with the compression experiments using infrared lasers in the late 1970s that produced thermonuclear neutrons. The problem of suprathermal electrons and the target preheat that they caused, associated with the infrared laser wavelength, led to lasers being built after 1980 to operate at shorter wavelengths, especially 0.35 um—the third harmonic of the Nd:glass laser—and 0.248 um (the KrF gas laser). The main physics areas relevant to direct drive are reviewed. The primary absorption mechanism at short wavelengths is classical inverse bremsstrahlung. Nonuniformities imprinted on the target by laser irradiation have been addressed by the development of a number of beam-smoothing techniques and imprint-mitigation strategies. The effects of hydrodynamic instabilities are mitigated by a combination of imprint reduction and target designs that minimize the instability growth rates. Several coronal plasma physics processes are reviewed. The two-plasmon–decay instability, stimulated Brillouin scattering (together with cross-beam energy transfer), and (possibly) stimulated Raman scattering are identified as potential concerns, placing constraints on the laser intensities used in target designs, while other processes (self-focusing and filamentation, the parametric decay instability, and magnetic fields), once considered important, are now of lesser concern for mainline direct-drive target concepts. Filamentation is largely suppressed by beam smoothing. Thermal transport modeling, important to the interpretation of experiments and to target design, has been found to be non-local in nature. Advances in shock timing and equation-of-state measurements relevant to direct-drive ICF are reported. Room-temperature implosions have provided an increased understanding of the importance of stability and uniformity. The evolution of cryogenic implosion capabilities, leading to an extensive series carried out on the 60-beam OMEGA laser [T. R. Boehly et al., Opt. Commun. 133, 495 (1997)], is reviewed together with major advances in cryogenic target formation. A polar-drive concept has been developed that will enable direct-drive–ignition experiments to be performed on the National Ignition Facility [C. A. Haynam et al., Appl. Opt. 46 (16), 3276 (2007)]. The advantages offered by the alternative approaches of fast ignition and shock ignition and the issues associated with these concepts are described. The lessons learned from target-physics and implosion experiments are taken into account in ignition and high-gain target designs for laser wavelengths of 1/3 μm and 1/4 μm. Substantial advances in direct-drive inertial fusion reactor concepts are reviewed. Overall, the progress in scientific understanding over the past five decades has been enormous, to the point that inertial fusion energy using direct drive shows significant promise as a future environmentally attractive energy source.},
doi = {10.1063/1.4934714},
journal = {Physics of Plasmas},
number = 11,
volume = 22,
place = {United States},
year = {Wed Nov 25 00:00:00 EST 2015},
month = {Wed Nov 25 00:00:00 EST 2015}
}

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A review of laser–plasma interaction physics of indirect-drive fusion
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Measurements of the divergence of fast electrons in laser-irradiated spherical targets
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Works referencing / citing this record:

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Glassy Microspheres for Energy Applications
journal, July 2018


Effective suppression of parametric instabilities with decoupled broadband lasers in plasma
journal, November 2017

  • Zhao, Yao; Weng, Suming; Chen, Min
  • Physics of Plasmas, Vol. 24, Issue 11
  • DOI: 10.1063/1.5003420

On analytical approximations for the structure of a shock wave in a fully ionized plasma
journal, August 2019

  • Domínguez-Vázquez, D.; Fernandez-Feria, R.
  • Physics of Plasmas, Vol. 26, Issue 8
  • DOI: 10.1063/1.5111923

The influence of the solid to plasma phase transition on the generation of plasma instabilities
journal, November 2017


Suppression of parametric instabilities in inhomogeneous plasma with multi-frequency light
journal, October 2019

  • Zhao, Yao; Weng, Suming; Sheng, Zhengming
  • Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion, Vol. 61, Issue 11
  • DOI: 10.1088/1361-6587/ab4691

Modeling of laser ponderomotive self-focusing in plasma within the paraxial complex geometrical optics approach
journal, October 2019

  • Ruocco, A.; Duchateau, G.; Tikhonchuk, V. T.
  • Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion, Vol. 61, Issue 11
  • DOI: 10.1088/1361-6587/ab467b

Magnetized fast isochoric laser heating for efficient creation of ultra-high-energy-density states
journal, September 2018


Diffusion-driven fluid dynamics in ideal gases and plasmas
journal, June 2018

  • Vold, E. L.; Yin, L.; Taitano, W.
  • Physics of Plasmas, Vol. 25, Issue 6
  • DOI: 10.1063/1.5029932

Long-duration direct drive hydrodynamics experiments on the National Ignition Facility: Platform development and numerical modeling with CHIC
journal, August 2019

  • Mailliet, C.; Le Bel, E.; Ceurvorst, L.
  • Physics of Plasmas, Vol. 26, Issue 8
  • DOI: 10.1063/1.5110684

Theoretical and simulation research of hydrodynamic instabilities in inertial-confinement fusion implosions
journal, March 2017

  • Wang, LiFeng; Ye, WenHua; He, XianTu
  • Science China Physics, Mechanics & Astronomy, Vol. 60, Issue 5
  • DOI: 10.1007/s11433-017-9016-x

Effect of fast electrons on the gain of a direct-drive laser fusion target
journal, September 2019

  • Gus’kov, S. Yu; Kuchugov, P. A.; Yakhin, R. A.
  • Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion, Vol. 61, Issue 10
  • DOI: 10.1088/1361-6587/ab400e

Magnetized fast isochoric laser heating for efficient creation of ultra-high-energy-density states
journal, September 2018


Turbulent mixing and transition criteria of flows induced by hydrodynamic instabilities
journal, August 2019

  • Zhou, Ye; Clark, Timothy T.; Clark, Daniel S.
  • Physics of Plasmas, Vol. 26, Issue 8
  • DOI: 10.1063/1.5088745

Production of relativistic electrons, MeV deuterons and protons by sub-nanosecond terawatt laser
journal, November 2018

  • Krása, J.; Klír, D.; Řezáč, K.
  • Physics of Plasmas, Vol. 25, Issue 11
  • DOI: 10.1063/1.5052146

The physics of long- and intermediate-wavelength asymmetries of the hot spot: Compression hydrodynamics and energetics
journal, October 2017

  • Bose, A.; Betti, R.; Shvarts, D.
  • Physics of Plasmas, Vol. 24, Issue 10
  • DOI: 10.1063/1.4995250

Theory of alpha heating in inertial fusion: Alpha-heating metrics and the onset of the burning-plasma regime
journal, July 2018

  • Christopherson, A. R.; Betti, R.; Howard, J.
  • Physics of Plasmas, Vol. 25, Issue 7
  • DOI: 10.1063/1.5030337

Inhibition of crossed-beam energy transfer induced by expansion-velocity fluctuations
journal, February 2018

  • Neuville, C.; Glize, K.; Loiseau, P.
  • Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion, Vol. 60, Issue 4
  • DOI: 10.1088/1361-6587/aaab23

Improvement in Thomson scattering diagnostic precision via fitting the multiple-wavenumber spectra simultaneously
journal, August 2019

  • Liu, Yaoyuan; Ding, Yongkun; Zheng, Jian
  • Review of Scientific Instruments, Vol. 90, Issue 8
  • DOI: 10.1063/1.5110932

X-ray spectroscopy of planar laser-plasma interaction experiments at the National Ignition Facility
journal, January 2019

  • Rosenberg, M. J.; Epstein, R.; Solodov, A. A.
  • Physics of Plasmas, Vol. 26, Issue 1
  • DOI: 10.1063/1.5074191

Hydrodynamic instabilities seeded by the X-ray shadow of ICF capsule fill-tubes
journal, August 2018

  • MacPhee, A. G.; Smalyuk, V. A.; Landen, O. L.
  • Physics of Plasmas, Vol. 25, Issue 8
  • DOI: 10.1063/1.5037816

Dynamics of the Electromagnetic Fields Induced by Fast Electron Propagation in Near-Solid-Density Media
journal, January 2019


A high temporal resolution numerical algorithm for shock wave velocity diagnosis
journal, June 2019


Direct Laser Writing of Low-Density Interdigitated Foams for Plasma Drive Shaping
journal, September 2017

  • Oakdale, James S.; Smith, Raymond F.; Forien, Jean-Baptiste
  • Advanced Functional Materials, Vol. 27, Issue 43
  • DOI: 10.1002/adfm.201702425

Unabsorbed light beamlets for diagnosing cross-beam energy transfer
journal, October 2018

  • Edgell, D. H.; Katz, J.; Turnbull, D. P.
  • Review of Scientific Instruments, Vol. 89, Issue 10
  • DOI: 10.1063/1.5036565

Linear theory of multibeam parametric instabilities in homogeneous plasmas
journal, June 2019

  • Xiao, C. Z.; Zhuo, H. B.; Yin, Y.
  • Physics of Plasmas, Vol. 26, Issue 6
  • DOI: 10.1063/1.5096850

Study of high-Z-coated ignition target by detailed configuration accounting atomic physics for direct-drive inertial confinement fusion
journal, November 2018


Channel optimization of high-intensity laser beams in millimeter-scale plasmas
journal, April 2018


First experiments on Revolver shell collisions at the OMEGA laser
journal, July 2019

  • Scheiner, Brett; Schmitt, Mark J.; Hsu, Scott C.
  • Physics of Plasmas, Vol. 26, Issue 7
  • DOI: 10.1063/1.5099975

Multi-species plasma transport in 1D direct-drive ICF simulations
journal, March 2019

  • Vold, E.; Rauenzahn, R.; Simakov, A. N.
  • Physics of Plasmas, Vol. 26, Issue 3
  • DOI: 10.1063/1.5083157

Examining the radiation drive asymmetries present in the high foot series of implosion experiments at the National Ignition Facility
journal, May 2017

  • Pak, A.; Divol, L.; Kritcher, A. L.
  • Physics of Plasmas, Vol. 24, Issue 5
  • DOI: 10.1063/1.4979192