DOE PAGES title logo U.S. Department of Energy
Office of Scientific and Technical Information

Title: Scalable Low-Cost Fabrication of Disposable Paper Sensors for DNA Detection

Abstract

Controlled integration of features that enhance the analytical performance of a sensor chip is a challenging task in the development of paper sensors. A critical issue in the fabrication of low-cost biosensor chips is the activation of the device surface in a reliable and controllable manner compatible with large-scale production. Here, we report stable, well-adherent, and repeatable site-selective deposition of bioreactive amine functionalities and biorepellant polyethylene glycol-like (PEG) functionalities on paper sensors by aerosol-assisted, atmospheric-pressure, plasma-enhanced chemical vapor deposition. This approach requires only 20 s of deposition time, compared to previous reports on cellulose functionalization, which takes hours. We present a detailed analysis of the near-edge X-ray absorption fine structure (NEXAFS) and its sensitivity to the local electronic structure of the carbon and nitrogen functionalities. σ*, π*, and Rydberg transitions in C and N K-edges. Lastly, application of the plasma-processed paper sensors in DNA detection is also demonstrated.

Authors:
 [1];  [2];  [1];  [1];  [1]
  1. NASA Ames Research Center, Moffett Field, California 94035, United States
  2. Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Lightsource, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, California 94025, United States
Publication Date:
Research Org.:
SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory (SLAC), Menlo Park, CA (United States)
Sponsoring Org.:
USDOE Office of Science (SC), Basic Energy Sciences (BES); National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA); National Institutes of Health (NIH)
OSTI Identifier:
1165085
Alternate Identifier(s):
OSTI ID: 1295338
Grant/Contract Number:  
AC02-76SF00515; P41GM103393
Resource Type:
Published Article
Journal Name:
ACS Applied Materials and Interfaces
Additional Journal Information:
Journal Name: ACS Applied Materials and Interfaces Journal Volume: 6 Journal Issue: 24; Journal ID: ISSN 1944-8244
Publisher:
American Chemical Society
Country of Publication:
United States
Language:
English
Subject:
46 INSTRUMENTATION RELATED TO NUCLEAR SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY; cellulose functionalization; DNA detection; NEXAFS; paper sensors; X-ray absorption

Citation Formats

Gandhiraman, Ram P., Nordlund, Dennis, Jayan, Vivek, Meyyappan, M., and Koehne, Jessica E. Scalable Low-Cost Fabrication of Disposable Paper Sensors for DNA Detection. United States: N. p., 2014. Web. doi:10.1021/am5069003.
Gandhiraman, Ram P., Nordlund, Dennis, Jayan, Vivek, Meyyappan, M., & Koehne, Jessica E. Scalable Low-Cost Fabrication of Disposable Paper Sensors for DNA Detection. United States. https://doi.org/10.1021/am5069003
Gandhiraman, Ram P., Nordlund, Dennis, Jayan, Vivek, Meyyappan, M., and Koehne, Jessica E. Fri . "Scalable Low-Cost Fabrication of Disposable Paper Sensors for DNA Detection". United States. https://doi.org/10.1021/am5069003.
@article{osti_1165085,
title = {Scalable Low-Cost Fabrication of Disposable Paper Sensors for DNA Detection},
author = {Gandhiraman, Ram P. and Nordlund, Dennis and Jayan, Vivek and Meyyappan, M. and Koehne, Jessica E.},
abstractNote = {Controlled integration of features that enhance the analytical performance of a sensor chip is a challenging task in the development of paper sensors. A critical issue in the fabrication of low-cost biosensor chips is the activation of the device surface in a reliable and controllable manner compatible with large-scale production. Here, we report stable, well-adherent, and repeatable site-selective deposition of bioreactive amine functionalities and biorepellant polyethylene glycol-like (PEG) functionalities on paper sensors by aerosol-assisted, atmospheric-pressure, plasma-enhanced chemical vapor deposition. This approach requires only 20 s of deposition time, compared to previous reports on cellulose functionalization, which takes hours. We present a detailed analysis of the near-edge X-ray absorption fine structure (NEXAFS) and its sensitivity to the local electronic structure of the carbon and nitrogen functionalities. σ*, π*, and Rydberg transitions in C and N K-edges. Lastly, application of the plasma-processed paper sensors in DNA detection is also demonstrated.},
doi = {10.1021/am5069003},
journal = {ACS Applied Materials and Interfaces},
number = 24,
volume = 6,
place = {United States},
year = {Fri Dec 05 00:00:00 EST 2014},
month = {Fri Dec 05 00:00:00 EST 2014}
}

Journal Article:
Free Publicly Available Full Text
Publisher's Version of Record
https://doi.org/10.1021/am5069003

Citation Metrics:
Cited by: 15 works
Citation information provided by
Web of Science

Save / Share:

Works referenced in this record:

NEXAFS studies of complex alcohols and carboxylic acids on the Si(111)(7×7) surface
journal, June 1987


NEXAFS Spectroscopy
book, January 1992


Innershell Absorption Spectroscopy of Amino Acids
journal, April 2002

  • Kaznacheyev, K.; Osanna, A.; Jacobsen, C.
  • The Journal of Physical Chemistry A, Vol. 106, Issue 13
  • DOI: 10.1021/jp013385w

Visual Detection of DNA on Paper Chips
journal, January 2014

  • Song, Yajing; Gyarmati, Péter; Araújo, Ana Catarina
  • Analytical Chemistry, Vol. 86, Issue 3
  • DOI: 10.1021/ac403196b

Inner-Shell Excitation Spectroscopy of the Peptide Bond:  Comparison of the C 1s, N 1s, and O 1s Spectra of Glycine, Glycyl-Glycine, and Glycyl-Glycyl-Glycine
journal, August 2003

  • Gordon, Michelle L.; Cooper, Glyn; Morin, Cynthia
  • The Journal of Physical Chemistry A, Vol. 107, Issue 32
  • DOI: 10.1021/jp0344390

Highly Sensitive Surface Enhanced Raman Scattering Substrates Based on Filter Paper Loaded with Plasmonic Nanostructures
journal, December 2011

  • Lee, Chang H.; Hankus, Mikella E.; Tian, Limei
  • Analytical Chemistry, Vol. 83, Issue 23
  • DOI: 10.1021/ac2016882

Understanding Wax Printing: A Simple Micropatterning Process for Paper-Based Microfluidics
journal, August 2009

  • Carrilho, Emanuel; Martinez, Andres W.; Whitesides, George M.
  • Analytical Chemistry, Vol. 81, Issue 16
  • DOI: 10.1021/ac901071p

Characterization of the effects of soft X-ray irradiation on polymers
journal, January 2002

  • Coffey, T.; Urquhart, S. G.; Ade, H.
  • Journal of Electron Spectroscopy and Related Phenomena, Vol. 122, Issue 1
  • DOI: 10.1016/S0368-2048(01)00342-5

Determination of intramolecular bond lengths in gas phase molecules from K shell shape resonances
journal, December 1984

  • Sette, F.; Stöhr, J.; Hitchcock, A. P.
  • The Journal of Chemical Physics, Vol. 81, Issue 11
  • DOI: 10.1063/1.447528

XPS and NEXAFS studies of aliphatic and aromatic amine species on functionalized surfaces
journal, September 2009


Multi-Layered Plasma-Polymerized Chips for SPR-Based Detection
journal, November 2011

  • Gandhiraman, Ram P.; Le, Nam Cao Hoai; Dixit, Chandra K.
  • ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces, Vol. 3, Issue 12
  • DOI: 10.1021/am201061k

One-Step Method for Generating PEG-Like Plasma Polymer Gradients: Chemical Characterization and Analysis of Protein Interactions
journal, September 2010

  • Menzies, Donna J.; Cowie, Bruce; Fong, Celesta
  • Langmuir, Vol. 26, Issue 17
  • DOI: 10.1021/la102033d

High efficiency amine functionalization of cycloolefin polymer surfaces for biodiagnostics
journal, January 2010

  • Gandhiraman*, Ram P.; Volcke, Cedric; Gubala, Vladimir
  • Journal of Materials Chemistry, Vol. 20, Issue 20
  • DOI: 10.1039/b925737c

Identification of transitions into Rydberg states in the X-ray absorption spectra of condensed long-chain alkanes
journal, January 1996


The oscillator strengths for C1s and O1s excitation of some saturated and unsaturated organic alcohols, acids and esters
journal, January 1988


K ‐shell shape resonances and intramolecular bond lengths. Comments on ‘‘The relationship between shape resonances and bond lengths’’
journal, September 1987

  • Hitchcock, A. P.; Stöhr, J.
  • The Journal of Chemical Physics, Vol. 87, Issue 5
  • DOI: 10.1063/1.453016

Measurements of attractive forces between proteins and end-grafted poly(ethylene glycol) chains
journal, August 1997

  • Sheth, S. R.; Leckband, D.
  • Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, Vol. 94, Issue 16
  • DOI: 10.1073/pnas.94.16.8399

A fluorescently labeled, hyperbranched polymer synthesized from DE-ATRP for the detection of DNA hybridization
journal, January 2012

  • Aied, Ahmed; Glynn, Barry; Cao, Hongliang
  • Polym. Chem., Vol. 3, Issue 2
  • DOI: 10.1039/C2PY00516F

Hollow-Channel Paper Analytical Devices
journal, August 2013

  • Renault, Christophe; Li, Xiang; Fosdick, Stephen E.
  • Analytical Chemistry, Vol. 85, Issue 16
  • DOI: 10.1021/ac401786h

Plasma Amination of Low-Density Polyethylene by DBD Afterglows at Atmospheric Pressure
journal, June 2008

  • Klages, Claus-Peter; Grishin, Artur
  • Plasma Processes and Polymers, Vol. 5, Issue 4
  • DOI: 10.1002/ppap.200700142

Paper-Based Analytical Device for Electrochemical Flow-Injection Analysis of Glucose in Urine
journal, April 2012

  • Lankelma, Jan; Nie, Zhihong; Carrilho, Emanuel
  • Analytical Chemistry, Vol. 84, Issue 9
  • DOI: 10.1021/ac3003648

Bonding and Bond Lengths of Chemisorbed Molecules from Near-Edge X-Ray-Absorption Fine-Structure Studies
journal, December 1983


Biofunctional Paper via the Covalent Modification of Cellulose
journal, July 2012

  • Yu, Arthur; Shang, Jing; Cheng, Fang
  • Langmuir, Vol. 28, Issue 30
  • DOI: 10.1021/la301661x

Adsorption and Covalent Coupling of ATP-Binding DNA Aptamers onto Cellulose
journal, January 2007

  • Su, Shunxing; Nutiu, Razvan; Filipe, Carlos D. M.
  • Langmuir, Vol. 23, Issue 3
  • DOI: 10.1021/la060961c

XPS study of carbon fiber surfaces treated by thermal oxidation in a gas mixture of O2/(O2+N2)
journal, February 2001


Local bonding environments of Si–OH groups in SiO 2 deposited by remote plasma‐enhanced chemical vapor deposition and incorporated by postdeposition exposure to water vapor
journal, May 1990

  • Theil, J. A.; Tsu, D. V.; Watkins, M. W.
  • Journal of Vacuum Science & Technology A: Vacuum, Surfaces, and Films, Vol. 8, Issue 3
  • DOI: 10.1116/1.576885

A NEXAFS Examination of Unsaturation in Plasma Polymers of Allylamine and Propylamine
journal, August 2004

  • Shard, Alexander G.; Whittle, Jason D.; Beck, Alison J.
  • The Journal of Physical Chemistry B, Vol. 108, Issue 33
  • DOI: 10.1021/jp048250f

Enhanced Adhesion over Aluminum Solid Substrates by Controlled Atmospheric Plasma Deposition of Amine-Rich Primers
journal, February 2012

  • Petersen, Julien; Fouquet, Thierry; Michel, Marc
  • ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces, Vol. 4, Issue 2
  • DOI: 10.1021/am201699a

Characterization of Plasma-Polymerized Allylamine Using Waveguide Mode Spectroscopy
journal, October 1999

  • van Os, M. T.; Menges, B.; Foerch, R.
  • Chemistry of Materials, Vol. 11, Issue 11
  • DOI: 10.1021/cm991068k

A quantitative experimental study of the core excited electronic states of formamide, formic acid, and formyl fluoride
journal, July 1987

  • Ishii, I.; Hitchcock, A. P.
  • The Journal of Chemical Physics, Vol. 87, Issue 2
  • DOI: 10.1063/1.453290

Trends in the Carbonyl Core (C 1S, O 1S) → π* C=O Transition in the Near-Edge X-ray Absorption Fine Structure Spectra of Organic Molecules
journal, August 2002

  • Urquhart, S. G.; Ade, H.
  • The Journal of Physical Chemistry B, Vol. 106, Issue 34
  • DOI: 10.1021/jp0255379

Plasmonics in Biology and Plasmon-Controlled Fluorescence
journal, March 2006


DNA Detection Using Origami Paper Analytical Devices
journal, September 2013

  • Scida, Karen; Li, Bingling; Ellington, Andrew D.
  • Analytical Chemistry, Vol. 85, Issue 20
  • DOI: 10.1021/ac402118a

Room temperature deposition of tunable plasmonic nanostructures by atmospheric pressure jet plasma
journal, January 2012

  • O. Connor, Niall; Gandhiraman, Ram Prasad; Doyle, Colin
  • Journal of Materials Chemistry, Vol. 22, Issue 19
  • DOI: 10.1039/c2jm30879g

Plasma-Assisted Dissociation of Organometallic Vapors for Continuous, Gas-Phase Preparation of Multimetallic Nanoparticles
journal, September 2011

  • Lin, Pin Ann; Sankaran, R. Mohan
  • Angewandte Chemie International Edition, Vol. 50, Issue 46
  • DOI: 10.1002/anie.201101881

The application of soft X-ray microscopy to the in-situ analysis of sporinite in coal
journal, December 1996


Thin Films of (3-Aminopropyl)triethoxysilane on Aluminum Oxide and Gold Substrates
journal, August 1995


Towards practical soft X-ray spectromicroscopy of biomaterials
journal, January 2002

  • Hitchcock, A. P.; Morin, C.; Heng, Y. M.
  • Journal of Biomaterials Science, Polymer Edition, Vol. 13, Issue 8
  • DOI: 10.1163/156856202320401960

Analysis of polyurethanes using core excitation spectroscopy. Part II: Inner shell spectra of ether, urea and carbamate model compounds
journal, August 1995

  • Urquhart, S. G.; Hitchcock, A. P.; Priester, R. D.
  • Journal of Polymer Science Part B: Polymer Physics, Vol. 33, Issue 11
  • DOI: 10.1002/polb.1995.090331105

Soft X-Ray Microscopy of soft Matter — hard Information from two Softs
journal, February 2002


Carbon (1s) NEXAFS Spectroscopy of Biogeochemically Relevant Reference Organic Compounds
journal, January 2009

  • Solomon, Dawit; Lehmann, Johannes; Kinyangi, James
  • Soil Science Society of America Journal, Vol. 73, Issue 6
  • DOI: 10.2136/sssaj2008.0228

Reaction of (3-Aminopropyl)dimethylethoxysilane with Amine Catalysts on Silica Surfaces
journal, December 2000

  • White, L. D.; Tripp, C. P.
  • Journal of Colloid and Interface Science, Vol. 232, Issue 2
  • DOI: 10.1006/jcis.2000.7224

Activated Paper Surfaces for the Rapid Hybridization of DNA through Capillary Transport
journal, March 2012

  • Araújo, Ana Catarina; Song, Yajing; Lundeberg, Joakim
  • Analytical Chemistry, Vol. 84, Issue 7
  • DOI: 10.1021/ac300025v

A general purpose sub-keV X-ray facility at the Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory
journal, May 1990

  • Tirsell, K. Glenn; Karpenko, Victor P.
  • Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section A: Accelerators, Spectrometers, Detectors and Associated Equipment, Vol. 291, Issue 1-2
  • DOI: 10.1016/0168-9002(90)90113-K

Organic Nitrogen in Geomacromolecules:  Insights on Speciation and Transformation with K-edge XANES Spectroscopy
journal, July 2002

  • Vairavamurthy, A.; Wang, S.
  • Environmental Science & Technology, Vol. 36, Issue 14
  • DOI: 10.1021/es0155478

Tetraethyl Orthosilicate and Acrylic Acid Forming Robust Carboxylic Functionalities on Plastic Surfaces for Biodiagnostics: Robust Carboxylic Functionality on Plastic Surfaces
journal, November 2011

  • Coyle, Conor; Gandiraman, Ram Prasad; Gubala, Vladimir
  • Plasma Processes and Polymers, Vol. 9, Issue 1
  • DOI: 10.1002/ppap.201100070

DNA Biosensors and Microarrays
journal, January 2008

  • Sassolas, Audrey; Leca-Bouvier, Béatrice D.; Blum, Loïc J.
  • Chemical Reviews, Vol. 108, Issue 1
  • DOI: 10.1021/cr0684467

Manipulation of Interfacial Amine Density in Epoxy-Amine Systems as Studied by Near-Edge X-ray Absorption Fine Structure (NEXAFS)
journal, October 2012

  • Knorr, Daniel B.; Jaye, Cherno; Fischer, Daniel A.
  • Langmuir, Vol. 28, Issue 43
  • DOI: 10.1021/la3033786

DNA Immobilization and Detection on Cellulose Paper using a Surface Grown Cationic Polymer via ATRP
journal, February 2012

  • Aied, Ahmed; Zheng, Yu; Pandit, Abhay
  • ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces, Vol. 4, Issue 2
  • DOI: 10.1021/am201483h

Photoimmobilization of unmodified carbohydrates on activated surface
journal, February 2010

  • Sharma, Pragya; Basir, Seemi Farhat; Nahar, Pradip
  • Journal of Colloid and Interface Science, Vol. 342, Issue 1
  • DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2009.10.038

FTIR Plasma Phase Analysis of Hexamethyldisiloxane Discharge in Microwave Multipolar Plasma at Different Electrical Powers
journal, January 2005

  • Raynaud, Patrice; Despax, Bernard; Segui, Yvan
  • Plasma Processes and Polymers, Vol. 2, Issue 1
  • DOI: 10.1002/ppap.200400034

Surface Modification of PET Films Using Pulsed AC Plasma Polymerisation Aimed at Preventing Protein Adsorption
journal, January 2005

  • Ademovic, Zahida; Wei, Jiang; Winther-Jensen, Bj�rn
  • Plasma Processes and Polymers, Vol. 2, Issue 1
  • DOI: 10.1002/ppap.200400038

Physics of high-pressure helium and argon radio-frequency plasmas
journal, December 2004

  • Moravej, M.; Yang, X.; Nowling, G. R.
  • Journal of Applied Physics, Vol. 96, Issue 12
  • DOI: 10.1063/1.1815047

Determination of chemical-structural changes in vitrinite accompanying luminescence alteration using C-NEXAFS analysis
journal, May 1998


Bioplasmonic Paper as a Platform for Detection of Kidney Cancer Biomarkers
journal, November 2012

  • Tian, Limei; Morrissey, Jeremiah J.; Kattumenu, Ramesh
  • Analytical Chemistry, Vol. 84, Issue 22
  • DOI: 10.1021/ac302332g

Near-edge x-ray absorption fine structure spectroscopy study of nitrogen incorporation in chemically reduced graphene oxide
journal, July 2013

  • Dennis, Robert V.; Schultz, Brian J.; Jaye, Cherno
  • Journal of Vacuum Science & Technology B, Nanotechnology and Microelectronics: Materials, Processing, Measurement, and Phenomena, Vol. 31, Issue 4
  • DOI: 10.1116/1.4813058