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THE WAR ENTERS ITS FINAL PHASE (1945)
Events
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Dawn of the Atomic Era, 1945
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The War Enters Its Final Phase, 1945
-
Debate Over How to Use the Bomb, Late Spring
1945
-
The Trinity Test, July 16, 1945
-
Safety and the Trinity Test, July 1945
-
Evaluations of Trinity, July 1945
-
Potsdam and the Final Decision to Bomb, July
1945
-
The Atomic Bombing of Hiroshima, August 6,
1945
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The Atomic Bombing of Nagasaki, August 9,
1945
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Japan Surrenders, August 10-15, 1945
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The Manhattan Project and the Second World War,
1939-1945
On April 12, 1945, only weeks before Germany's
unconditional surrender on May 7,
President Franklin Roosevelt died
suddenly in Warm Springs, Georgia. Vice President
Harry S. Truman, a veteran of the United
States Senate, was now president. Truman had not
been privy to many of Roosevelt's internal policy
deliberations and had to be briefed extensively in his
first weeks in office. One of these briefings,
provided by Secretary of War Henry Stimson on April 25,
concerned S-1 (the Manhattan Project). Stimson, with
Leslie Groves present during part of the
meeting, traced the history of the Manhattan Project,
summarized its status, and detailed the timetable for
testing and combat delivery. Truman asked numerous
questions during the forty-five minute meeting and made it
clear that he understood the relevance of the atomic bomb
to upcoming diplomatic and military initiatives.
By the time Truman took office, Japan was near
defeat. American aircraft, especially B-29s (right),
were bombing Japanese cities at will. A single
firebomb raid in March killed nearly 100,000 people and
injured over a million in Tokyo. A second air attack
on Tokyo in May killed 83,000. Meanwhile, the United
States Navy had cut the islands' supply lines. But
because of the generally accepted view that the Japanese
would fight to the bitter end, a costly invasion of the
home islands seemed likely, though some American policy
makers held that successful combat delivery of one or more
atomic bombs might convince the Japanese that further
resistance was futile.
Strategies for forcing Japan's surrender assumed center
stage. At the February 1945 Yalta Conference (left), the
Soviet Union agreed to enter the war against Japan once
Germany was defeated. The Allies had long called for
the unconditional surrender of Germany and Japan, but
Joseph C. Grew, the Acting Secretary of State, urged that
it be made publicly clear that this did not mean Japan's
total annihilation. Once demilitarized, Japan would
be free to choose its political system and would be
allowed to develop a vibrant economy. Grew hoped
that a public statement to Japan would lead to surrender
before a costly invasion would have to be launched.
The Joint Chiefs of Staff remained doubtful that this was
possible, however, and continued to advocate a ground
invasion of Japan itself, a plan identified as Operation
Olympic. Stimson hoped that an invasion could be
avoided, either by redefining the surrender terms or by
using the atomic bomb.
Preparations continued for the physical delivery of
atomic bombs to their targets. In September 1944, at
Wendover Field in western Utah, Colonel Paul Tibbets
(right) had begun drilling the hand-picked bomber crews
that comprised the 393rd Bombardment Squadron of the 509th
Composite Wing, Army Air Force. Though the precise nature
of their mission was kept secret from all but Tibbets, the
pilots and crews knew something strange was afoot, as they
repeatedly practiced dropping single, huge (5,500-pound)
dummy bombs from their new B-29 long-range
bombers. (They nicknamed these orange bombs
"pumpkins.") After the surrender of Germany to the
Allies in May, it was clear that the bomb would be used on
the only remaining combatant: Japan. The following
month, Tibbets moved his command to Tinian Island in the
Marianas Islands of the western Pacific, where the Navy
Seabees had built the world's largest airport to
accommodate the large B-29s that were already bombing
Japan's cities. Preparations for the use of the bomb
were nearing completion, but the question of how to use it
remained.
-
The War Enters Its Final Phase, 1945
-
Debate Over How to Use the Bomb, Late Spring
1945
-
The Trinity Test, July 16, 1945
-
Safety and the Trinity Test, July 1945
-
Evaluations of Trinity, July 1945
-
Potsdam and the Final Decision to Bomb, July
1945
-
The Atomic Bombing of Hiroshima, August 6,
1945
-
The Atomic Bombing of Nagasaki, August 9,
1945
-
Japan Surrenders, August 10-15, 1945
-
The Manhattan Project and the Second World War,
1939-1945
Next
Sources and notes for this page.
The text for this page was adapted from, and portions
were taken directly from the
Office of History and Heritage Resources
publication:
F. G. Gosling,
The Manhattan Project: Making the Atomic Bomb
(DOE/MA-0001; Washington: History Division, Department
of Energy, January 1999), 42, 45-46. The photographs of "D-Day," the
B-29s, and the Yalta Conference are courtesy the
National Archives. The photograph of
Harry Truman taking the oath of office
is courtesy the
Truman Presidential Museum and Library. The photograph of Paul Tibbets with his
ground crew in front of the Enola Gay is reproduced from
Vincent C. Jones,
Manhattan: The Army and the Atomic Bomb, United
States Army in World War II (Washington: Center of
Military History, United States Army, 1988), 535.
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