Kram, Rodger - Department of Integrative Physiology, University of Colorado at Boulder

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Kram, Rodger - Department of Integrative Physiology, University of Colorado at Boulder

When an animal walks or runs, the muscles of the limbs must exert force to support the weight of the body plus any added
Walking in simulated reduced gravity: mechanical energy fluctuations and exchange
in the female's return, is presumably an adaptation to the large but highly variable
Journal of Biomechanics 34 (2001) 679685 Applied horizontal force increases impact loading in reduced-gravity
Why does walking require metabolic energy? One possible answer is for mechanical work performed by muscles. In
special communication Force treadmill for measuring vertical
Energy cost and muscular activity required for propulsion during walking
Dynamic similarity is potentially the most general theory for the locomotion of legged animals (Alexander and Jayes, 1983).
Metabolic cost of generating horizontal forces during human running
Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part B 120 (1998) 4149 Energetics and biomechanics of locomotion by red kangaroos
African elephants are the largest living land animals; a large adult male weighs as much as 6000kg (six metric tonnes).
The question of whether more energy is required to run on two or four legs was addressed 100 years ago when Zuntz
Speed, size and gravity all affect the way animals walk and run. Quadrupeds walk at slow speeds, trot at moderate speeds
Journal of Biomechanics 35 (2002) 117124 Simultaneous positive and negative external mechanical work in
Mechanical and metabolic determinants of the preferred step width in human walking
The size and speed of a running animal determine the relative importance of gravitational and inertial forces. A