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Summary: volved in cell adhesion (14). Whatever its
function, it is not essential for life, because
YHD2 is viable and fertile under laboratory
conditions despite being a "natural knockout"
for HevCaLP. Whether its absence confers a
fitness disadvantage in the field has important
implications for resistance management, and
this question can now be addressed with the
information developed here.
These results suggest a new interpretation
of our previous estimate of 0.0015 for the
frequency of YHD2-type resistance alleles in
field populations of H. virescens before wide-
spread planting of Bt cotton (15). In that
study, field-caught males were individually
mated to homozygous resistant YHD2 virgin
females, and their progeny were tested at a
discriminating dose of Cry1Ac-containing
diet. The majority of males were homozy-
gous susceptible, as expected, producing only
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