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Summary: Chapter 10
Is it Accidental or Intentional? A Symbolic Approach
to the Noisy Iterated Prisoner's Dilemma
Tsz-Chiu Au, Dana Nau
Department of Computer Science
and Institute for Systems Research
University of Maryland, College Park
10.1 Introduction
The Iterated Prisoner's Dilemma (IPD) has become well known as an ab-
stract model of a class of multi-agent environments in which agents accu-
mulate payoffs that depend on how successful they are in their repeated
interactions with other agents. An important variant of the IPD is the
Noisy IPD, in which there is a small probability, called the noise level, that
accidents will occur. In other words, the noise level is the probability of
executing "cooperate" when "defect" was the intended move, or vice versa.
Accidents can cause difficulty in cooperations with others in real-life sit-
uations, and the same is true in the Noisy IPD. Strategies that do quite well
in the ordinary (non-noisy) IPD may do quite badly in the Noisy IPD [Ax-
elrod and Dion, 1988; Bendor, 1987; Bendor et al., 1991; Molander, 1985;
Mueller, 1987; Nowak and Sigmund, 1990]. For example, if two players
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