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Summary: 316 IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON INDUSTRIAL INFORMATICS, VOL. 6, NO. 3, AUGUST 2010
On Maximizing Reliability of Real-Time Embedded
Applications Under Hard Energy Constraint
Baoxian Zhao, Hakan Aydin, Member, IEEE, and Dakai Zhu, Member, IEEE
Abstract--The dynamic voltage and frequency scaling (DVFS)
technique is the basis of numerous state-of-the-art energy man-
agement schemes proposed for real-time embedded systems. How-
ever, recent research has illustrated the alarmingly negative im-
pact of DVFS on task and system reliability. In this paper, we con-
sider the problem of assigning processing frequencies to a set of
real-time tasks in order to maximize the overall reliability, under
given time and energy constraints. First, under the frame-based
task model, we formulate the problem as a nonlinear optimization
problem and show how to obtain the static optimal solution. Then,
we propose online (dynamic) algorithms that detect early comple-
tions and adjust the task frequencies at runtime, to improve overall
reliability. Furthermore, we extend these solutions to the periodic
task model, with both static and dynamic solutions. All our solu-
tions ensure that all timing constraints are met while the cumula-
tive energy consumption of tasks does not exceed the given energy
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