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Summary: IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON MULTIMEDIA, VOL. 6, NO. 1, FEBRUARY 2004 1
Spatial Domain Digital Watermarking of Multimedia
Objects for Buyer Authentication
Dipti Prasad Mukherjee, Member, IEEE, Subhamoy Maitra, and Scott T. Acton, Senior Member, IEEE
Abstract--Most of the existing watermarking processes become
vulnerable when the attacker knows the watermark insertion
algorithm. This paper presents an invisible spatial domain water-
mark insertion algorithm for which we show that the watermark
can be recovered, even if the attacker tries to manipulate the
watermark with the knowledge of the watermarking process. The
process incorporates buyer specific watermarks within a single
multimedia object, and the same multimedia object has different
watermarks that differ from owner to owner. Therefore recovery
of this watermark not only authenticates the particular owner of
the multimedia object but also could be used to identify the buyer
involved in the forging process. This is achieved after spatially
dividing the multimedia signal randomly into a set of disjoint
subsets (referred to as the image key) and then manipulating
the intensity of these subsets differently depending on a buyer
specific key. These buyer specific keys are generated using a
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