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Summary: Hunting for Headings: Sighted Labeling vs. Automatic
Classification of Headings
Jeremy T. Brudvik, Jeffrey P. Bigham, Anna C. Cavender, and Richard E. Ladner
Department of Computer Science and Engineering
University of Washington
Seattle, WA 98105 USA
{jtbrudvi, jbigham, cavender, ladner}@cs.washington.edu
ABSTRACT
Proper use of headings in web pages can make navigation
more efficient for blind web users by indicating semantic di
visions in the page. Unfortunately, many web pages do not
use proper HTML markup (h1-h6 tags) to indicate headings,
instead using visual styling to create headings, thus making
the distinction between headings and other page text indis
tinguishable to blind users. In a user study in which sighted
participants labeled headings on a set of web pages, partic
ipants did not often agree on which elements on the page
should be labeled as headings, suggesting why headings are
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