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Summary: Key to Juniperus of Eastern Hemisphere rev. 16 Jun 2011
1a. All leaves acicular (subulate), jointed at the base, in whorls of 3, cones borne axillary
(sections Caryocedrus and Juniperus)
2a Seed cones 20-25 mm, seeds united to form a stone; male cones in axillary fascicles
.........................................................................................................................................J. drupacea
2b. Seed cones 6-15 mm, seeds free (not united), male cones solitary, axillary
3a. Seed cones blue, bluish-black, black when mature (2 -3 yrs.), may be reddish when
immature (J. formosana)
4a. Leaves with 1 white stomatal band on the adaxial surface
5a. Leaves 4 - 10 (-15) mm x 1 mm or more wide, nearly flat to curved in cross
section, white stomatal band wider than green margins..........................J. communis
5b. Leaves 7 - 25 mm x 0.5 - 0.9 mm wide, 'U' or 'V' shaped in cross section, with a
keel (ridge) on the abaxial side, deeply grooved, white stomatal band narrower
than green margins
6a. Low procumbent shrub on sands at seashores; cones 8-12 mm; leaves 10-22
mm. long .................................................................................J. rigida var. conferta
6b. Upright shrub or tree; dry areas in mountains; cones 6-9 mm; leaves 12-25
mm. long......................................................................................J. rigida var. rigida
4b. Leaves with 2 white stomatal bands on the adaxial surface
7a. Leaves with mucronate tips, flat to U shaped, 12 - 20 mm; Taiwan, e. China
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