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Summary: 1697© 2011 Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim wileyonlinelibrary.comsmall 2011, 7, No. 12, 16971700
1. Introduction
Carburization is a well known process, developed
decades ago in the steel industry, and is used to case-harden
steel using a low quantity of carbon. In this process, steel is
introduced to a carbon-rich environment at elevated tem-
peratures for a certain amount of time and then quenched
so that the carbon is locked in the crystal structure. It will
be of fundamental interest if the dynamics of this carbon-
atom diffusion and kinetics can be slightly modified in
order to achieve few-layers-thick graphene on stainless
steel (SS) substrates. Though the carburization process
is similar to the chemical vapor deposition (CVD) tech-
nique, which is generally used for growth of graphene on
Graphene Growth via Carburization of Stainless Steel
and Application in Energy Storage
Hemtej Gullapalli, Arava Leela Mohana Reddy, Stephen Kilpatrick, Madan Dubey,
and Pulickel M. Ajayan*
metals such as copper, the duration of heating, diffusion,
and cooling steps are the key in determining the carbon
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