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Summary: Population genomics of drug resistance in
Candida albicans
Leah E. Cowen*
, Andre´ Nantel
, Malcolm S. Whiteway
, David Y. Thomas§
, Daniel C. Tessier
, Linda M. Kohn*,
and James B. Anderson*
*Department of Botany, University of Toronto, Mississauga, ON, Canada L5L 1C6; Genetics Group, Biotechnology Research Institute, National Research
Council, Montreal, QC, Canada H4P 2R2; and §Department of Biochemistry, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada H3G 1Y6
Communicated by Fred Sherman, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, NY, May 14, 2002 (received for review
November 20, 2001)
We followed adaptation in experimental microbial populations to
inhibitory concentrations of an antimicrobial drug. The evolution of
drug resistance was accompanied in all cases by changes in gene
expression that persisted in the absence of the drug; the new patterns
of gene expression were constitutive. The changes in gene expression
occurred in four replicate populations of the pathogenic fungus
Candida albicans during 330 generations of evolution in the presence
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