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Summary: Hedged Responses and Expressions of Affect in Human/Human and
Human/Computer Tutorial Interactions
Khelan Bhatt (bhatkhe@iit.edu)
Martha Evens (evens@iit.edu)
Shlomo Argamon (argamon@iit.edu)
Computer Science Department, Illinois Institute of Technology
10 West 31st Street, Chicago, IL 60616
Abstract
We study how students hedge and express affect when
interacting with both humans and computer systems,
during keyboard-mediated natural language tutoring
sessions in medicine. We found significant
differences in such student behavior linked to whether
the tutor was human or a computer. Students hedge
and apologize often to human tutors, but very rarely to
computer tutors. The type of expressions also
differed--overt hostility was not encountered in
human tutoring sessions, but was a major component
in computer-tutored sessions. Little gender-linking of
hedging behavior was found, contrary to expectations
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