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Summary: 166 IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON MULTIMEDIA, VOL. 11, NO. 1, JANUARY 2009
Robust and Efficient Stream Delivery for Application
Layer Multicasting in Heterogeneous Networks
Masahiro Kobayashi, Student Member, IEEE, Hidehisa Nakayama, Member, IEEE, Nirwan Ansari, Fellow, IEEE,
and Nei Kato, Senior Member, IEEE
Abstract--Application Layer Multicast (ALM) is highly ex-
pected to replace IP multicasting as the new technological choice
for content delivery. Depending on the streaming application,
ALM nodes will construct a multicast tree and deliver the stream
through this tree. However, if a node resides in the tree leaves, it
cannot deliver the stream to its descendant nodes. In this case,
Quality of Service (QoS) will be compromised dramatically. To
overcome this problem, Topology-aware Hierarchical Arrange-
ment Graph (THAG) was proposed. By employing Multiple
Description Coding (MDC), THAG first splits the stream into a
number of descriptions, and then uses Arrangement Graph (AG)
to construct node-disjoint multicast trees for each description.
However, using a constant AG size in THAG creates difficulty
in delivering descriptions appropriately across a heterogeneous
network. In this paper, we propose a method, referred to as
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