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Summary: Research Paper 569
Chromosome elasticity and mitotic polar ejection force measured
in living Drosophila embryos by four-dimensional
microscopy-based motion analysis
Wallace F. Marshall*
, John F. Marko
, David A. Agard*
and John W. Sedat*
Background: Mitosis involves the interaction of many different components, Addresses: *Department of Biochemistry and
Biophysics, University of California Sanincluding chromatin, microtubules, and motor proteins. Dissecting the
Francisco, San Francisco, California 94143, USA.mechanics of mitosis requires methods of studying not just each component Department of Physics, University of Illinois at
in isolation, but also the entire ensemble of components in its full complexity Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60607, USA.
in genetically tractable model organisms.
Current Address: Molecular, Cellular, and
Developmental Biology Department, YaleResults: We have developed a mathematical framework for analyzing motion
University, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, USA.in four-dimensional microscopy data sets that allows us to measure
elasticity, viscosity, and forces by tracking the conformational movements
Correspondence: Wallace Marshall
of mitotic chromosomes. We have used this approach to measure, for
E-mail: wallace.marshall@yale.edu
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