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Summary: A comparison of nuclear and cytoplasmic genetic effects on sperm
competitiveness and female remating in a seed beetle
D. K. DOWLING,* U. FRIBERG* à & G. ARNQVIST*
*Animal Ecology / Department of Ecology and Evolution, Evolutionary Biology Centre, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
Department of Ecology and Environmental Science, Umea° University, Umea°, Sweden
àDepartment of Ecology, Evolution and Marine Biology, University of California Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA, USA
Introduction
Females of many species mate multiply, and the ensuing
competition between males for fertilizations often
continues after copulation, via sperm competition. This
competition is intense and any phenotypic variation in
sperm competitiveness among males will be subject to
strong sexual selection. Thus, sperm competition is
widely acknowledged to be a profound evolutionary
force (see Parker, 1970; Birkhead & Møller, 1998;
Simmons, 2001) and, indeed, much of sperm competi-
tion theory is grounded on the assumption that sperm
competitiveness evolves adaptively (e.g. Sivinski, 1980,
1984; Harvey & May, 1989; Curtsinger, 1991; Keller &
Reeve, 1995; Yasui, 1997). Accordingly, the results of
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