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Summary: Using Certes to Infer Client Response
Time at the Web Server
DAVID OLSHEFSKI
IBM T.J. Watson Research Center and Columbia University
JASON NIEH
Columbia University
and
DAKSHI AGRAWAL
IBM T.J. Watson Research Center
As businesses continue to grow their World Wide Web presence, it is becoming increasingly
vital for them to have quantitative measures of the mean client perceived response times of
their web services. We present Certes (CliEnt Response Time Estimated by the Server), an
online server-based mechanism that allows web servers to estimate mean client perceived re-
sponse time, as if measured at the client. Certes is based on a model of TCP that quanti-
fies the effect that connection drops have on mean client perceived response time by using
three simple server-side measurements: connection drop rate, connection accept rate and con-
nection completion rate. The mechanism does not require modifications to HTTP servers or
web pages, does not rely on probing or third party sampling, and does not require client-side
modifications or scripting. Certes can be used to estimate response times for any web content,
not just HTML. We have implemented Certes and compared its response time estimates with
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