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Summary: Genotype-by-environment interactions leads to variable selection
on life-history strategy in Common Evening Primrose (Oenothera
biennis)
M. T. J. JOHNSON
Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
Introduction
Variable selection in space and time can maintain genetic
variation and give rise to a diversity of life-history
strategies within populations (Levins, 1968; Roff, 1992;
Stearns, 1992; Byers, 2005). Several conditions must be
satisfied for this to occur. First, there must be hetero-
geneity in the abiotic or biotic environment. Second,
genotype and environment must interact to affect com-
ponents of fitness, whereby the rank-order in the mean
fitness of genotypes changes between environments
(Mitchell-Olds, 1992). And last, genetic variation in
fitness must correlate with genetic variation in life-
history traits (Cole, 1954; Hart, 1977; Van Tienderen,
1997). Here, I ask whether spatial variation along a
natural environmental gradient causes genotype-by-
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