The effect of vitrification technology on waste loading
Radioactive wastes on the Hanford Site are going to be permanently disposed of by incorporation into a durable glass. These wastes will be separated into low and high-level portions, and then vitrified. The low-level waste (LLW) is water soluble. Its vitrifiable part (other than off-gas) contains approximately 80 wt% Na{sub 2}O, the rest being Al{sub 2}O{sub 3}, P{sub 2}O{sub 5}, K{sub 2}O, and minor components. The challenge is to formulate durable LLW glasses with as high Na{sub 2}O content as possible by optimizing the additions of SiO{sub 2}, Al{sub 2}O{sub 3}, B{sub 2}O{sub 3}, CaO, and ZrO{sub 2}. This task will not be simple, considering the non-linear and interactive nature of glass properties as a function of composition. Once developed, the LLW glass, being similar in composition to commercial glasses, is unlikely to cause major processing problems, such as crystallization or molten salt segregation. For example, inexpensive LLW glass can be produced in a high-capacity Joule-heated melter with a cold cap to minimize volatilization. The high-level waste (HLW) consists of water-insoluble sludge (Fe{sub 2}O{sub 3}, Al{sub 2}O{sub 3}, ZrO{sub 2}, Cr{sub 2}O{sub 3}, NiO, and others) and a substantial water-soluble residue (Na{sub 2}O). Most of the water-insoluble components are refractory; i.e., their melting points are above the glass melting temperature. With regard to product acceptability, the maximum loading of Hanford HLW in the glass is limited by product durability, not by radiolytic heat generation. However, this maximum may not be achievable because of technological constraints imposed by melter feed rheology, frit properties, and glass melter limits. These restrictions are discussed in this paper. 38 refs.
- Research Organization:
- Pacific Northwest National Lab. (PNNL), Richland, WA (United States)
- Sponsoring Organization:
- USDOE, Washington, DC (United States)
- DOE Contract Number:
- AC06-76RL01830
- OSTI ID:
- 28245
- Report Number(s):
- PNL-SA-23770; CONF-940815-111; ON: DE95007800; TRN: 95:008394
- Resource Relation:
- Conference: SPECTRUM `94: international nuclear and hazardous waste management conference, Atlanta, GA (United States), 14-18 Aug 1994; Other Information: PBD: Aug 1994
- Country of Publication:
- United States
- Language:
- English
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Related Subjects
HANFORD RESERVATION
RADIOACTIVE WASTE PROCESSING
RADIOACTIVE WASTE DISPOSAL
LOW-LEVEL RADIOACTIVE WASTES
VITRIFICATION
HIGH-LEVEL RADIOACTIVE WASTES
WASTE FORMS
LOADING RATE
SODIUM OXIDES
ALUMINIUM OXIDES
PHOSPHORUS OXIDES
POTASSIUM OXIDES
SILICON OXIDES
BORON OXIDES
CALCIUM OXIDES
ZIRCONIUM OXIDES
IRON OXIDES
CHROMIUM OXIDES
NICKEL OXIDES
CONSTRAINTS
CONCENTRATION RATIO