Metabolites of organophosphate ester flame retardants in urine from Shanghai, China
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444 (China)
- Department of Ultrasound, Shanghai Chest Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai 200030 (China)
- Shanghai No.3 Rehabilitation Hospital, Shanghai 200436 (China)
- Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, and Department of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, State University of New York at Albany, Albany, NY 12201-0509 (United States)
Highlights: • Nine organophosphate ester (OPE) metabolites were determined in urine from a population in Shanghai. • Urinary levels of OPE metabolites were lower than those from more developed countries. • Age of donors and age of homes were determinants of diphenyl phosphate (DPHP) and di-n-butyl phosphate (DNBP) exposures. • Urinary DNBP levels were associated with self-reported symptoms of allergy. The metabolites of nine organophosphate ester (OPE) flame retardants were measured in 180 urine samples collected from a population (including adults and children) in western Shanghai, China, using liquid chromatography-tandem spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). The total urinary concentrations of nine OPE metabolites ranged 100–23800 pg/mL, with a geometric mean (GM) value of 1450 pg/mL. The concentrations of alkyl-OPE metabolites (879 pg/mL) were approximately an order of magnitude higher than those of aryl-OPE (53.7 pg/mL) and chlorinated-OPE metabolites (52.7 pg/mL). Diphenyl phosphate (DPHP), diethyl phosphate (DEP), di-n-butyl phosphate (DNBP), bis(2-ethylhexyl) phosphate (BEHP), and bis(2-butoxyethyl) phosphate (BBOEP) were the dominant OPE metabolites found in urine. The results showed that an increase in age was associated with a significant decrease in urinary DPHP (r = −0.278, p < 0.01) and DNBP (r = −0.314, p < 0.01) concentrations. The highest concentrations of DPHP (GM = 80.7 pg/mL) and DNBP (GM = 16.9 pg/mL) were found in urine from people living in homes that were less than 10 years old. The urinary DNBP concentration was significantly associated with self-reported symptoms of allergy. Our result establishes baseline value for OPE exposure in a population in China for comparison in future studies.
- OSTI ID:
- 23105774
- Journal Information:
- Environmental Research, Vol. 164; Other Information: Copyright (c) 2018 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.; Country of input: International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA); ISSN 0013-9351
- Country of Publication:
- United States
- Language:
- English
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