Phthalic acid assisted nano-sized spinel LiMn{sub 2}O{sub 4} and LiCr{sub x}Mn{sub 2-x}O{sub 4} (x = 0.00-0.40) via sol-gel synthesis and its electrochemical behaviour for use in Li-ion-batteries

Journal Article · Mon Aug 04 00:00:00 EDT 2008 · Materials Research Bulletin

DOI:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.materresbull.2007.09.021· OSTI ID:21144075

Thirunakaran, R ^[1]; Sivashanmugam, A; Gopukumar, S ^[1]; Dunnill, Charles W; Gregory, Duncan H ^[2]

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1. Central Electrochemical Research Institute, Karaikudi 630006, Tamil Nadu (India)
2. University of Glasgow, Chemistry Department, Glasgow G12 8QQ (United Kingdom)

Nano-sized particles of spinel LiMn{sub 2}O{sub 4} and LiCr{sub x}Mn{sub 2-x}O{sub 4} (x = Cr; 0.00-0.40) have been synthesized using phthalic acid as chelating agent for the first time by sol-gel method. When compared to solid-state synthesis method, the sol-gel route reduces heating time of synthesize and to obtain particles of uniform surface morphology. The synthesized samples were characterized through thermo-gravimetric analysis (TGA), X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). SEM images of the parent compounds show nanospherical grains of LiMn{sub 2}O{sub 4} when compared to chromium-doped ones. XRD patterns of LiMn{sub 2}O{sub 4} ascertain amorphous nature and for high calcined LiCr{sub x}Mn{sub 2-x}O{sub 4} single phase highly crystalline patterns were obtained. TEM images of the parent and chromium-doped spinel particles depict individual grain morphology with well-separated grain boundaries. LiCr{sub 0.10}Mn{sub 1.90}O{sub 4} excels in discharge and cycling behaviour and offer higher columbic efficiency, when compared to un-doped LiMn{sub 2}O{sub 4}. Cyclic voltammograms of LiMn{sub 2}O{sub 4} and LiCr{sub x}Mn{sub 2-x}O{sub 4} exhibit oxidation and reduction peaks corresponding to Mn{sup 3+}/Mn{sup 4+} and Cr{sup 3+}/Cr{sup 4+}.

• OSTI ID: 21144075
• Journal Information: Materials Research Bulletin, Vol. 43, Issue 8-9; Other Information: DOI: 10.1016/j.materresbull.2007.09.021; PII: S0025-5408(07)00413-8; Copyright (c) 2007 Elsevier Science B.V., Amsterdam, The Netherlands, All rights reserved; Country of input: International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA); ISSN 0025-5408
• Country of Publication: United States
• Language: English

Related Subjects

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE
CHELATING AGENTS
CHROMIUM COMPOUNDS
CHROMIUM IONS
DOPED MATERIALS
ELECTROCHEMISTRY
GRAIN BOUNDARIES
LITHIUM COMPOUNDS
MANGANESE COMPOUNDS
MANGANESE IONS
MORPHOLOGY
NANOSTRUCTURES
OXIDATION
OXIDES
PARTICLES
PHTHALIC ACID
REDUCTION
SCANNING ELECTRON MICROSCOPY
SOL-GEL PROCESS
SPINELS
SYNTHESIS
THERMAL GRAVIMETRIC ANALYSIS
TRANSMISSION ELECTRON MICROSCOPY
X-RAY DIFFRACTION