Probing physics beyond the standard model: limits from BBN and the CMB independently and combined

Yeh, Tsung-Han; Shelton, Jessie; Olive, Keith A.; Fields, Brian D.

doi:10.1088/1475-7516/2022/10/046

Title: Probing physics beyond the standard model: limits from BBN and the CMB independently and combined

Journal Article · Fri Oct 14 00:00:00 EDT 2022 · Journal of Cosmology and Astroparticle Physics

DOI:https://doi.org/10.1088/1475-7516/2022/10/046· OSTI ID:1905515

Yeh, Tsung-Han ^[1]; Shelton, Jessie ^[2]; Olive, Keith A. ^[3]; Fields, Brian D. ^[2]

Univ. of Illinois, Urbana, IL (United States)
Univ. of Illinois, Urbana, IL (United States); Illinois Center for Advanced Studies of the Universe, Urbana, IL (United States)
Univ. of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN (United States)

We present new Big Bang Nucleosynthesis (BBN) limits on the cosmic expansion rate or relativistic energy density, quantified via the number N_ν of equivalent neutrino species. We use the latest light element observations, neutron mean lifetime, and update our evaluation for the nuclear rates d + d → ³He + n and d + d → ³H+p. Combining this result with the independent constraints from the cosmic microwave background (CMB) yields tight limits on new physics that perturbs N_ν and η prior to cosmic nucleosynthesis: a joint BBN+CMB analysis gives N_ν = 2.898 ± 0.141, resulting in N_ν < 3.180 at 2σ. We apply these limits to a wide variety of new physics scenarios including right-handed neutrinos, dark radiation, and a stochastic gravitational wave background. The strength of the independent BBN and CMB constraints now opens a new window: we can search for limits on potential changes in N_ν and/or the baryon-to-photon ratio η between the two epochs. The present data place strong constraints on the allowed changes in N_ν between BBN and CMB decoupling; for example, we find -0.708 < N_ν^CMB - N_ν^BBN < 0.328 in the case where η and the primordial helium mass fraction Yp are unchanged between the two epochs; we also give limits on the allowed variations in η or in (η, N_ν) jointly. We discuss scenarios in which such changes could occur, and show that BBN+CMB results combine to place important constraints on some early dark energy models to explain the H₀ tension. Looking to the future, we forecast the tightened precision for N_ν arising from both CMB Stage 4 measurements as well as improvements in astronomical ⁴He measurements. Here, we find that CMB-S4 combined with present BBN and light element observation precision can give σ(N_ν) ≃ 0.03. Such future precision would reveal the expected effect of neutrino heating (N_eff-3 = 0.044) of the CMB during BBN, and would be near the level to reveal any particle species ever in thermal equilibrium with the standard model. Improved Y_p measurements can push this precision even further.

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Research Organization:: Univ. of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN (United States)

Sponsoring Organization:: USDOE

Grant/Contract Number:: SC0011842; SC0017840

OSTI ID:: 1905515

Journal Information:: Journal of Cosmology and Astroparticle Physics, Vol. 2022, Issue 10; ISSN 1475-7516

Publisher:: Institute of Physics (IOP)Copyright Statement

Country of Publication:: United States

Language:: English

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