Cesium intercalation of graphene: A 2D protective layer on alkali antimonide photocathode

Biswas, Jyoti; Gaowei, Mengjia; Liu, Ao; Poddar, Shashi; Stan, Liliana; Smedley, John; Sadowski, Jerzy T.; Tong, Xiao

doi:10.1063/5.0122937

Title: Cesium intercalation of graphene: A 2D protective layer on alkali antimonide photocathode

Journal Article · Tue Nov 15 00:00:00 EST 2022 · APL Materials

DOI:https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0122937· OSTI ID:1898420

^[1];

^[1]; Liu, Ao ^[2]; Poddar, Shashi ^[2];

^[3]; Smedley, John ^[4];

^[1]; Tong, Xiao ^[1]

Brookhaven National Lab. (BNL), Upton, NY (United States)
Euclid Techlabs, Bolingbrook, IL (United States)
Argonne National Lab. (ANL), Lemont, IL (United States)
SLAC National Accelerator Lab., Menlo Park, CA (United States)

Alkali antimonide photocathodes have wide applications in free-electron lasers and electron cooling. The short lifetime of alkali antimonide photocathodes necessitates frequent replacement of the photocathodes during a beam operation. Furthermore, exposure to mediocre vacuum causes loss of photocathode quantum efficiency due to the chemical reaction with residual gas molecules. Theoretical analyses have shown that covering an alkali antimonide photocathode with a monolayer graphene or hexagonal boron nitride protects it in a coarse vacuum environment due to the inhibition of chemical reactions with residual gas molecules. Alkali antimonide photocathodes require an ultra-high vacuum environment, and depositing a monolayer 2D material on it poses a serious challenge. In the present work, we have incorporated a novel method known as intercalation, in which alkali atoms pass through the defects of a graphene thin film to create a photocathode material underneath. Initially, Sb was deposited on a Si substrate, and a monolayer graphene was transferred on top of the Sb film. Heat cleaning around 550–600 °C effectively removed the Sb oxides, leaving metallic Sb underneath the graphene layer. Depositing Cs on top of a monolayer graphene enabled the intercalation process. Atomic force microscopy, Raman spectroscopy, x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, low energy electron microscopy, and x-ray diffraction measurements were performed to evaluate photocathode formation underneath the monolayer graphene. Our analysis shows that Cs penetrated the graphene and reacted with Sb and formed Cs_{3_Sb.}

View Accepted Manuscript (DOE)

View Accepted Manuscript (Publisher)

Cite

Export

Save

Research Organization:: Euclid Techlabs, LLC, Bolingbrook, IL (United States); Brookhaven National Laboratory (BNL), Upton, NY (United States)

Sponsoring Organization:: USDOE Office of Science (SC), Basic Energy Sciences (BES)

Grant/Contract Number:: SC0021511; SC0012704; AC02-06CH11357; AC02−76SF00515

OSTI ID:: 1898420

Alternate ID(s):: OSTI ID: 1898175; OSTI ID: 1907828

Report Number(s):: BNL-223841-2023-JAAM; TRN: US2310898

Journal Information:: APL Materials, Vol. 10, Issue 11; ISSN 2166-532X

Publisher:: American Institute of Physics (AIP)Copyright Statement

Country of Publication:: United States

Language:: English

References (31)

Interaction of Cesium-Potassium Antimonide Photocathode Materials with Oxygen: an X-Ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy Study Soriano, Leonardo; Galán, Luis Japanese Journal of Applied Physics, Vol. 32, Issue Part 1, No. 10 https://doi.org/10.1143/jjap.32.4737	journal	October 1993
Preparation and study of properties of a few alkali antimonide photocathodes Ghosh, C.; Varma, B. P. Journal of Applied Physics, Vol. 49, Issue 8 https://doi.org/10.1063/1.325465	journal	August 1978
Raman scattering of monolayer graphene: the temperature and oxygen doping effects Zhou, Haiqing; Qiu, Caiyu; Yu, Fang Journal of Physics D: Applied Physics, Vol. 44, Issue 18 https://doi.org/10.1088/0022-3727/44/18/185404	journal	April 2011
Codeposition of ultrasmooth and high quantum efficiency cesium telluride photocathodes Gaowei, M.; Sinsheimer, J.; Strom, D. Physical Review Accelerators and Beams, Vol. 22, Issue 7 https://doi.org/10.1103/physrevaccelbeams.22.073401	journal	July 2019
Photoelectron transport in CsI and CsBr coating films of alkali antimonide and CsI photocathodes Shefer, E.; Breskin, A.; Boutboul, T. Journal of Applied Physics, Vol. 92, Issue 8 https://doi.org/10.1063/1.1505684	journal	October 2002
Stoichiometry control and automated growth of alkali antimonide photocathode films by molecular beam deposition Pavlenko, Vitaly; Smedley, John; Scheinker, Alexander Applied Physics Letters, Vol. 120, Issue 9 https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0080948	journal	February 2022
Temperature-dependent quantum efficiency degradation of K-Cs-Sb bialkali antimonide photocathodes grown by a triple-element codeposition method Ding, Zihao; Karkare, Siddharth; Feng, Jun Physical Review Accelerators and Beams, Vol. 20, Issue 11 https://doi.org/10.1103/physrevaccelbeams.20.113401	journal	November 2017
Preparation of InSb substrates for molecular beam epitaxy Liu, W. K. Journal of Vacuum Science & Technology B: Microelectronics and Nanometer Structures, Vol. 13, Issue 4 https://doi.org/10.1116/1.588184	journal	July 1995
Photocathode behavior during high current running in the Cornell energy recovery linac photoinjector Cultrera, Luca; Maxson, Jared; Bazarov, Ivan Physical Review Special Topics - Accelerators and Beams, Vol. 14, Issue 12 https://doi.org/10.1103/physrevstab.14.120101	journal	December 2011
Photoemission from Bialkali Photocathodes through an Atomically Thin Protection Layer Liu, Fangze; Guo, Lei; DeFazio, Jeffrey ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces, Vol. 14, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1021/acsami.1c19393	journal	December 2021
Record high-average current from a high-brightness photoinjector Dunham, Bruce; Barley, John; Bartnik, Adam Applied Physics Letters, Vol. 102, Issue 3 https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4789395	journal	January 2013
X-ray Photoemission Spectroscopy Studies of Cesium Antimonide Photocathodes for Photoinjector Applications Martini, Irene; Chevallay, Eric; Fedosseev, Valentin Physics Procedia, Vol. 77 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.phpro.2015.11.007	journal	January 2015
X-ray photoemission studies of cesium antimonide photoemitters Bates, Clayton W.; Das Gupta, Dhruba; Galan, Luis Thin Solid Films, Vol. 69, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.1016/0040-6090(80)90034-6	journal	June 1980
Cathode R&D for future light sources Dowell, D. H.; Bazarov, I.; Dunham, B. Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section A: Accelerators, Spectrometers, Detectors and Associated Equipment, Vol. 622, Issue 3 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nima.2010.03.104	journal	October 2010
Cold electron beams from cryocooled, alkali antimonide photocathodes Cultrera, L.; Karkare, S.; Lee, H. Physical Review Special Topics - Accelerators and Beams, Vol. 18, Issue 11 https://doi.org/10.1103/physrevstab.18.113401	journal	November 2015
The mechanism of caesium intercalation of graphene Petrović, M.; Šrut Rakić, I.; Runte, S. Nature Communications, Vol. 4, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1038/ncomms3772	journal	November 2013
Direct synthesis of graphene on any nonmetallic substrate based on KrF laser ablation of ordered pyrolytic graphite Xu, S. C.; Man, B. Y.; Jiang, S. Z. Laser Physics Letters, Vol. 11, Issue 9 https://doi.org/10.1088/1612-2011/11/9/096001	journal	June 2014
Overcoming the quantum efficiency-lifetime tradeoff of photocathodes by coating with atomically thin two-dimensional nanomaterials Wang, Gaoxue; Yang, Ping; Moody, Nathan A. npj 2D Materials and Applications, Vol. 2, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1038/s41699-018-0062-6	journal	June 2018
Kinetics of alkali-based photocathode degradation Pavlenko, Vitaly; Liu, Fangze; Hoffbauer, Mark A. AIP Advances, Vol. 6, Issue 11 https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4967349	journal	November 2016
Direct CVD Growth of Graphene on Technologically Important Dielectric and Semiconducting Substrates Khan, Afzal; Islam, Sk Masiul; Ahmed, Shahzad Advanced Science, Vol. 5, Issue 11 https://doi.org/10.1002/advs.201800050	journal	September 2018
Reduced work function of graphene by metal adatoms Legesse, Merid; Mellouhi, Fedwa El; Bentria, El Tayeb Applied Surface Science, Vol. 394 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apsusc.2016.10.097	journal	February 2017
Degradation of Alkali-Based Photocathodes from Exposure to Residual Gases: A First-Principles Study Wang, Gaoxue; Pandey, Ravindra; Moody, Nathan A. The Journal of Physical Chemistry C, Vol. 121, Issue 15 https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.jpcc.6b12796	journal	April 2017
Ultra low emittance electron beams from multi-alkali antimonide photocathode operated with infrared light Cultrera, L.; Gulliford, C.; Bartnik, A. Applied Physics Letters, Vol. 108, Issue 13 https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4945091	journal	March 2016
Inner-orbital binding-energy shifts of antimony and bismuth compounds Morgan, Wayne E.; Stec, Wojciech J.; Van Wazer, John R. Inorganic Chemistry, Vol. 12, Issue 4 https://doi.org/10.1021/ic50122a054	journal	April 1973
Synthesis and x-ray characterization of sputtered bi-alkali antimonide photocathodes Gaowei, M.; Ding, Z.; Schubert, S. APL Materials, Vol. 5, Issue 11 https://doi.org/10.1063/1.5010950	journal	November 2017
X‐ray photoemission studies of superficially oxidized cesium antimonide photoemitters Bates, C. W.; van Atekum, Th. M.; Wertheim, G. K. Applied Physics Letters, Vol. 38, Issue 5 https://doi.org/10.1063/1.92348	journal	March 1981
Transfer of CVD-Grown Monolayer Graphene onto Arbitrary Substrates Suk, Ji Won; Kitt, Alexander; Magnuson, Carl W. ACS Nano, Vol. 5, Issue 9 https://doi.org/10.1021/nn201207c	journal	August 2011
The effects of oxygen-induced phase segregation on the interfacial electronic structure and quantum efficiency of Cs ₃ Sb photocathodes Galdi, Alice; DeBenedetti, William J. I.; Balajka, Jan The Journal of Chemical Physics, Vol. 153, Issue 14 https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0024020	journal	October 2020
Perspectives on Designer Photocathodes for X-ray Free-Electron Lasers: Influencing Emission Properties with Heterostructures and Nanoengineered Electronic States Moody, Nathan A.; Jensen, Kevin L.; Shabaev, Andrew Physical Review Applied, Vol. 10, Issue 4 https://doi.org/10.1103/physrevapplied.10.047002	journal	October 2018
Protection of cesium-antimony photocathodes Buzulutskov, A.; Breskin, A.; Chechik, R. Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section A: Accelerators, Spectrometers, Detectors and Associated Equipment, Vol. 387, Issue 1-2 https://doi.org/10.1016/s0168-9002(96)00984-9	journal	March 1997
Fine Structure Constant Defines Visual Transparency of Graphene Nair, R. R.; Blake, P.; Grigorenko, A. N. Science, Vol. 320, Issue 5881 https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1156965	journal	June 2008

Similar Records

Thin-film Coating System for Alkali Antimonide Photocathode Performance Enhancement

Technical Report · Tue Dec 07 00:00:00 EST 2021 · OSTI ID:1898420

Liu, Ao

Degradation of Alkali-Based Photocathodes from Exposure to Residual Gases: A First-Principles Study

Journal Article · Fri Mar 31 00:00:00 EDT 2017 · Journal of Physical Chemistry. C · OSTI ID:1898420

Wang, Gaoxue; Pandey, Ravindra; Moody, Nathan A.; +1 more

Graphene as reusable substrate for bialkali photocathodes

Journal Article · Mon Jun 22 00:00:00 EDT 2020 · Applied Physics Letters · OSTI ID:1898420

Guo, Lei; Yamaguchi, Hisato; Yamamoto, Masahiro; +8 more

Related Subjects

43 PARTICLE ACCELERATORS
photocathodes
intercalation
2D materials
graphene
electron microscopy
thin films
intercalation compounds
atomic force microscopy
x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy
x-ray diffraction
ultra-high vacuum
36 MATERIALS SCIENCE
GaAs
photocatodes
electron affinity
low energy electron microscopy

Title: Cesium intercalation of graphene: A 2D protective layer on alkali antimonide photocathode

Citation Formats

References (31)

Similar Records

Related Subjects