Autoignition and preliminary heat release of gasoline surrogates and their blends with ethanol at engine-relevant conditions: Experiments and comprehensive kinetic modeling

Cheng, Song; Saggese, Chiara; Kang, Dongil; Goldsborough, S. Scott; Wagnon, Scott W.; Kukkadapu, Goutham; Zhang, Kuiwen; Mehl, Marco; Pitz, William J.

doi:10.1016/j.combustflame.2021.01.033

Title: Autoignition and preliminary heat release of gasoline surrogates and their blends with ethanol at engine-relevant conditions: Experiments and comprehensive kinetic modeling

Journal Article · Fri Feb 26 00:00:00 EST 2021 · Combustion and Flame

DOI:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.combustflame.2021.01.033· OSTI ID:1797554

Cheng, Song ^[1]; Saggese, Chiara ^[2]; Kang, Dongil ^[1]; Goldsborough, S. Scott ^[1];

^[2]; Kukkadapu, Goutham ^[2]; Zhang, Kuiwen ^[2]; Mehl, Marco ^[2]; Pitz, William J. ^[2]

Argonne National Lab. (ANL), Argonne, IL (United States)
Lawrence Livermore National Lab. (LLNL), Livermore, CA (United States)

This work utilizes a rapid compression machine (RCM) to experimentally quantify autoignition and preliminary heat release characteristics for blends of 0 to 30% ethanol by volume into two surrogates (FGF-LLNL and FGF-KAUST) that represent a full boiling range gasoline (FACE-F). Experimental conditions cover pressures from 15 to 100 bar, temperatures from 700 to 1000 K, and diluted/stoichiometric and undiluted/lean fuel loading conditions representative of boosted spark-ignition and advanced compression ignition engines, respectively. Direct comparison is made with previously reported results for FACE-F/E0–E30 blends. A detailed gasoline surrogate model is also proposed, and chemical kinetic modeling is undertaken using the proposed model to generate chemical insights into the compositional effects and ethanol blending effects. Although experiments show similar qualitative trends between the surrogates, quantitative differences between the surrogates are obvious, where FGF-LLNL displays higher low-temperature reactivity and faster evolution of low-temperature heat release (LTHR) than FGF-KAUST, with such differences being significantly muted by ethanol blending. Flux analyses reveal the compositional effects on surrogate reactivity at the diluted/stoichiometric condition, where n-heptane facilitates the first-stage ignition reactivity for FGF-LLNL/E0 by initiating earlier and more rapid OH branching than n-butane for FGF-KAUST/E0. Sensitivity analyses highlight the importance of non-fuel-specific interactions between ethanol and surrogate sub-chemistries in controlling the reactivity of ethanol-blended surrogates. Direct experimental comparisons between the surrogates and FACE-F, as well as between the surrogate/EtOH and FACE-F/EtOH blends highlight the need of high-fidelity surrogates that can fully replicate the target gasoline in properties including ignition reactivity and LTHR characteristics at extended conditions, as well as their response to ethanol blending. Overall, the model captures the experiments reasonably well. Nevertheless, the model displays increasing disagreement with experiments for the two surrogates at higher levels of ethanol blending, and this is found to be caused primarily by non-fuel-specific interactions between ethanol and surrogate component sub-chemistries. Furthermore, the model underpredicts the surrogate-to-surrogate differences at the diluted/stoichiometric condition, indicating a need for more physical testing on surrogates to facilitate more extensive model validation.

View Accepted Manuscript (DOE)

Cite

Export

Save

Research Organization:: Lawrence Livermore National Lab. (LLNL), Livermore, CA (United States); Argonne National Lab. (ANL), Argonne, IL (United States)

Sponsoring Organization:: USDOE National Nuclear Security Administration (NNSA); USDOE Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy (EERE), Transportation Office. Vehicle Technologies Office

Grant/Contract Number:: AC52-07NA27344; AC02-06CH11357

OSTI ID:: 1797554

Alternate ID(s):: OSTI ID: 1837183

Report Number(s):: LLNL-JRNL-812356; 1019653

Journal Information:: Combustion and Flame, Vol. 228; ISSN 0010-2180

Publisher:: ElsevierCopyright Statement

Country of Publication:: United States

Language:: English

References (67)

The oxidation of 2-butene: A high pressure ignition delay, kinetic modeling study and reactivity comparison with isobutene and 1-butene Li, Yang; Zhou, Chong-Wen; Somers, Kieran P. Proceedings of the Combustion Institute, Vol. 36, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.proci.2016.05.052	journal	January 2017
Oxidation of ethanol and hydrocarbon mixtures in a pressurised flow reactor Yuan, Hao; Lu, Zhewen; Chen, Zhongyuan Combustion and Flame, Vol. 199 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.combustflame.2018.10.011	journal	January 2019
Properties of Brazilian gasoline mixed with hydrated ethanol for flex-fuel technology Delgado, Regina C. O. B.; Araujo, Antonio S.; Fernandes, Valter J. Fuel Processing Technology, Vol. 88, Issue 4 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fuproc.2006.10.010	journal	April 2007
Combustion chemistry of iso-octane/ethanol blends: Effects on ignition and reaction pathways Barraza-Botet, Cesar L.; Wooldridge, Margaret S. Combustion and Flame, Vol. 188 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.combustflame.2017.10.011	journal	February 2018
Auto-ignition and combustion characteristics in HCCI and JSR using 1-butanol/n-heptane and ethanol/n-heptane blends Saisirirat, P.; Togbé, C.; Chanchaona, S. Proceedings of the Combustion Institute, Vol. 33, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.proci.2010.07.016	journal	January 2011
Chemical Ignition Characteristics of Ethanol Blending with Primary Reference Fuels Singh, Eshan; Tingas, Efstathios-Al.; Goussis, Dimitris Energy & Fuels, Vol. 33, Issue 10 https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.energyfuels.9b01423	journal	September 2019
Autoignition behavior of unsaturated hydrocarbons in the low and high temperature regions Mehl, Marco; Pitz, William J.; Westbrook, Charles K. Proceedings of the Combustion Institute, Vol. 33, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.proci.2010.05.040	journal	January 2011
Experimental and modeling study of C2–C4 alcohol autoignition at intermediate temperature conditions Cheng, Song; Kang, Dongil; Goldsborough, S. Scott Proceedings of the Combustion Institute https://doi.org/10.1016/j.proci.2020.08.005	journal	September 2020
Recent progress in gasoline surrogate fuels Sarathy, S. Mani; Farooq, Aamir; Kalghatgi, Gautam T. Progress in Energy and Combustion Science, Vol. 65 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pecs.2017.09.004	journal	March 2018
Autoignition behavior of gasoline/ethanol blends at engine-relevant conditions Cheng, Song; Kang, Dongil; Fridlyand, Aleksandr Combustion and Flame, Vol. 216 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.combustflame.2020.02.032	journal	June 2020
Probing the low-temperature chemistry of ethanol via the addition of dimethyl ether Zhang, Yingjia; El-Merhubi, Hilal; Lefort, Benoîte Combustion and Flame, Vol. 190 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.combustflame.2017.11.011	journal	April 2018
The role of correlations in uncertainty quantification of transportation relevant fuel models Fridlyand, Aleksandr; Johnson, Matthew S.; Goldsborough, S. Scott Combustion and Flame, Vol. 180 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.combustflame.2016.10.014	journal	June 2017
Violation of collision limit in recently published reaction models Chen, Dongping; Wang, Kun; Wang, Hai Combustion and Flame, Vol. 186 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.combustflame.2017.08.005	journal	December 2017
Cloud based tool for analysis of chemical kinetic mechanisms Killingsworth, Nick J.; McNenly, Matthew J.; Whitesides, Russell A. Combustion and Flame, Vol. 221 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.combustflame.2020.06.010	journal	November 2020
Comprehensive Experimental and Simulation Study of the Ignition Delay Time Characteristics of Binary Blended Methane, Ethane, and Ethylene over a Wide Range of Temperature, Pressure, Equivalence Ratio, and Dilution Baigmohammadi, Mohammadreza; Patel, Vaibhav; Nagaraja, Shashank Energy & Fuels, Vol. 34, Issue 7 https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.energyfuels.0c00960	journal	June 2020
High-Pressure Rate Rules for Alkyl + O ₂ Reactions. 1. The Dissociation, Concerted Elimination, and Isomerization Channels of the Alkyl Peroxy Radical Villano, Stephanie M.; Huynh, Lam K.; Carstensen, Hans-Heinrich The Journal of Physical Chemistry A, Vol. 115, Issue 46 https://doi.org/10.1021/jp2079204	journal	November 2011
A parametric study of ignition dynamics at ECN Spray A thermochemical conditions using 2D DNS Krisman, Alex; Hawkes, Evatt R.; Chen, Jacqueline H. Proceedings of the Combustion Institute, Vol. 37, Issue 4 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.proci.2018.08.026	journal	January 2019
Investigating auto-ignition behavior of n-heptane/iso-octane/ethanol mixtures for gasoline surrogates through rapid compression machine measurement and chemical kinetics analysis Fan, Qinhao; Wang, Zhi; Qi, Yunliang Fuel, Vol. 241 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fuel.2018.12.112	journal	April 2019
Intramolecular effects on the kinetics of unimolecular reactions of β-HOROO˙ and HOQ˙OOH radicals Lizardo-Huerta, J. C.; Sirjean, B.; Bounaceur, R. Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics, Vol. 18, Issue 17 https://doi.org/10.1039/C6CP00111D	journal	January 2016
Advances in rapid compression machine studies of low- and intermediate-temperature autoignition phenomena Goldsborough, S. Scott; Hochgreb, Simone; Vanhove, Guillaume Progress in Energy and Combustion Science, Vol. 63 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pecs.2017.05.002	journal	November 2017
A comprehensive modeling study of iso-octane oxidation Curran, H. Combustion and Flame, Vol. 129, Issue 3 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0010-2180(01)00373-X	journal	May 2002
Modeling Ignition of a Heptane Isomer: Improved Thermodynamics, Reaction Pathways, Kinetics, and Rate Rule Optimizations for 2-Methylhexane Mohamed, Samah Y.; Cai, Liming; Khaled, Fethi The Journal of Physical Chemistry A, Vol. 120, Issue 14 https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.jpca.6b00907	journal	March 2016
Heat release analysis for rapid compression machines: Challenges and opportunities Goldsborough, S. Scott; Santner, Jeffrey; Kang, Dongil Proceedings of the Combustion Institute, Vol. 37, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.proci.2018.05.128	journal	January 2019
A computational methodology for formulating gasoline surrogate fuels with accurate physical and chemical kinetic properties Ahmed, Ahfaz; Goteng, Gokop; Shankar, Vijai S. B. Fuel, Vol. 143 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fuel.2014.11.022	journal	March 2015
An improved detailed chemical kinetic model for C3-C4 linear and iso-alcohols and their blends with gasoline at engine-relevant conditions Saggese, Chiara; Thomas, Charlotte M.; Wagnon, Scott W. Proceedings of the Combustion Institute, Vol. 38, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.proci.2020.07.023	journal	January 2021
Autoignition of ethanol in a rapid compression machine Mittal, Gaurav; Burke, Sinéad M.; Davies, Varun A. Combustion and Flame, Vol. 161, Issue 5 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.combustflame.2013.11.005	journal	May 2014
Octane Numbers of Ethanol− and Methanol−Gasoline Blends Estimated from Molar Concentrations Anderson, J. E.; Kramer, U.; Mueller, S. A. Energy & Fuels, Vol. 24, Issue 12 https://doi.org/10.1021/ef101125c	journal	December 2010
Exploring gasoline oxidation chemistry in jet stirred reactors Chen, Bingjie; Wang, Zhandong; Wang, Jui-Yang Fuel, Vol. 236 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fuel.2018.09.055	journal	January 2019
Quantifying uncertainty in kinetic simulation of engine autoignition Cheng, Song; Yang, Yi; Brear, Michael J. Combustion and Flame, Vol. 216 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.combustflame.2020.02.025	journal	June 2020
An updated experimental and kinetic modeling study of n-heptane oxidation Zhang, Kuiwen; Banyon, Colin; Bugler, John Combustion and Flame, Vol. 172 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.combustflame.2016.06.028	journal	October 2016
Experimental and modeling study of the kinetics of oxidation of ethanol-n-heptane mixtures in a jet-stirred reactor Dagaut, Philippe; Togbé, Casimir Fuel, Vol. 89, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fuel.2009.06.035	journal	February 2010
Fuel molecular structure effect on autoignition of highly branched iso-alkanes at low-to-intermediate temperatures: Iso-octane versus iso-dodecane Fang, Ruozhou; Kukkadapu, Goutham; Wang, Mengyuan Combustion and Flame, Vol. 214 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.combustflame.2019.12.037	journal	April 2020
Intermediate temperature heat release in an HCCI engine fueled by ethanol/n-heptane mixtures: An experimental and modeling study Vuilleumier, David; Kozarac, Darko; Mehl, Marco Combustion and Flame, Vol. 161, Issue 3 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.combustflame.2013.10.008	journal	March 2014
Impact of fuel molecular structure on auto-ignition behavior – Design rules for future high performance gasolines Boot, Michael D.; Tian, Miao; Hensen, Emiel J. M. Progress in Energy and Combustion Science, Vol. 60 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pecs.2016.12.001	journal	May 2017
Low temperature autoignition of 5-membered ring naphthenes: Effects of substitution Fridlyand, Aleksandr; Goldsborough, S. Scott; Al Rashidi, Mariam Combustion and Flame, Vol. 200 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.combustflame.2018.10.028	journal	February 2019
Impact of ethanol on oxidation of iso-octane at low and intermediate temperatures Lu, Zhewen; Yang, Yi; Brear, Michael J. Combustion and Flame, Vol. 214 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.combustflame.2019.12.040	journal	April 2020
Intramolecular Hydrogen Migration in Alkylperoxy and Hydroperoxyalkylperoxy Radicals: Accurate Treatment of Hindered Rotors Sharma, Sandeep; Raman, Sumathy; Green, William H. The Journal of Physical Chemistry A, Vol. 114, Issue 18 https://doi.org/10.1021/jp9098792	journal	May 2010
The octane numbers of ethanol blended with gasoline and its surrogates Foong, Tien Mun; Morganti, Kai J.; Brear, Michael J. Fuel, Vol. 115 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fuel.2013.07.105	journal	January 2014
Optimization of the octane response of gasoline/ethanol blends Badra, Jihad; AlRamadan, Abdullah S.; Sarathy, S. Mani Applied Energy, Vol. 203 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2017.06.084	journal	October 2017
A surrogate mixture and kinetic mechanism for emulating the evaporation and autoignition characteristics of gasoline fuel Abianeh, O. Samimi; Oehlschlaeger, Matthew A.; Sung, Chih-Jen Combustion and Flame, Vol. 162, Issue 10 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.combustflame.2015.07.015	journal	October 2015
Kinetic modeling of gasoline surrogate components and mixtures under engine conditions Mehl, Marco; Pitz, William J.; Westbrook, Charles K. Proceedings of the Combustion Institute, Vol. 33, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.proci.2010.05.027	journal	January 2011
Alcohol combustion chemistry Sarathy, S. Mani; Oßwald, Patrick; Hansen, Nils Progress in Energy and Combustion Science, Vol. 44 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pecs.2014.04.003	journal	October 2014
Faster solvers for large kinetic mechanisms using adaptive preconditioners McNenly, Matthew J.; Whitesides, Russell A.; Flowers, Daniel L. Proceedings of the Combustion Institute, Vol. 35, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.proci.2014.05.113	journal	January 2015
Fuel property effects on low-speed pre-ignition Jatana, Gurneesh S.; Splitter, Derek A.; Kaul, Brian Fuel, Vol. 230 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fuel.2018.05.060	journal	October 2018
Terpineol as a novel octane booster for extending the knock limit of gasoline Vallinayagam, R.; Vedharaj, S.; Naser, Nimal Fuel, Vol. 187 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fuel.2016.09.034	journal	January 2017
Autoignition behavior of a full boiling-range gasoline: Observations in RCM and GCI engine environments Rockstroh, Toby; Fridlyand, Aleksandr; Ciatti, Stephen Combustion and Flame, Vol. 209 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.combustflame.2019.07.013	journal	November 2019
Methyl butanoate inhibition of n-heptane diffusion flames through an evaluation of transport and chemical kinetics Dooley, Stephen; Uddi, Mruthunjaya; Won, Sang Hee Combustion and Flame, Vol. 159, Issue 4 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.combustflame.2011.09.016	journal	April 2012
Quantities of Interest in Jet Stirred Reactor Oxidation of a High-Octane Gasoline Chen, Bingjie; Togbé, Casimir; Selim, Hatem Energy & Fuels, Vol. 31, Issue 5 https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.energyfuels.6b03193	journal	April 2017
Polarizabilities of Solvents from the Chemical Composition Bosque, Ramón; Sales, Joaquim Journal of Chemical Information and Computer Sciences, Vol. 42, Issue 5 https://doi.org/10.1021/ci025528x	journal	September 2002
Optimal octane number correlations for mixtures of toluene reference fuels (TRFs) and ethanol Yuan, Hao; Yang, Yi; Brear, Michael J. Fuel, Vol. 188 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fuel.2016.10.042	journal	January 2017
Development of a detailed kinetic model for gasoline surrogate fuels Andrae, J. C. G. Fuel, Vol. 87, Issue 10-11 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fuel.2007.09.010	journal	August 2008
Methodology to define gasoline surrogates dedicated to auto-ignition in engines Pera, Cécile; Knop, Vincent Fuel, Vol. 96 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fuel.2012.01.008	journal	June 2012
Heat of Vaporization Measurements for Ethanol Blends Up To 50 Volume Percent in Several Hydrocarbon Blendstocks and Implications for Knock in SI Engines Chupka, Gina M.; Christensen, Earl; Fouts, Lisa SAE International Journal of Fuels and Lubricants, Vol. 8, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.4271/2015-01-0763	journal	April 2015
Kinetic modeling study of surrogate components for gasoline, jet and diesel fuels: C7-C11 methylated aromatics Kukkadapu, Goutham; Kang, Dongil; Wagnon, Scott W. Proceedings of the Combustion Institute, Vol. 37, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.proci.2018.08.016	journal	January 2019
Effects of pre-spark heat release on engine knock limit Splitter, Derek A.; Gilliam, Arthur; Szybist, James Proceedings of the Combustion Institute, Vol. 37, Issue 4 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.proci.2018.05.145	journal	January 2019
A Comprehensive Modeling Study of n-Heptane Oxidation Curran, H. J.; Gaffuri, P.; Pitz, W. J. Combustion and Flame, Vol. 114, Issue 1-2 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0010-2180(97)00282-4	journal	July 1998
On the uncertainty of temperature estimation in a rapid compression machine Weber, Bryan W.; Sung, Chih-Jen; Renfro, Michael W. Combustion and Flame, Vol. 162, Issue 6 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.combustflame.2015.03.001	journal	June 2015
An Approach for Formulating Surrogates for Gasoline with Application toward a Reduced Surrogate Mechanism for CFD Engine Modeling Mehl, M.; Chen, J. Y.; Pitz, W. J. Energy & Fuels, Vol. 25, Issue 11 https://doi.org/10.1021/ef201099y	journal	November 2011
An ignition delay time and chemical kinetic modeling study of the pentane isomers Bugler, John; Marks, Brandon; Mathieu, Olivier Combustion and Flame, Vol. 163 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.combustflame.2015.09.014	journal	January 2016
Database of Small Molecule Thermochemistry for Combustion Goldsmith, C. Franklin; Magoon, Gregory R.; Green, William H. The Journal of Physical Chemistry A, Vol. 116, Issue 36 https://doi.org/10.1021/jp303819e	journal	August 2012
Autoignition of toluene reference fuels at high pressures modeled with detailed chemical kinetics Andrae, J. C. G.; Björnbom, P.; Cracknell, R. F. Combustion and Flame, Vol. 149, Issue 1-2 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.combustflame.2006.12.014	journal	April 2007
Molecular size dependent falloff rate constants for the recombination reactions of alkyl radicals with O2 and implications for simplified kinetics of alkylperoxy radicals Miyoshi, Akira International Journal of Chemical Kinetics, Vol. 44, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1002/kin.20623	journal	November 2011
Multi-stage heat release in lean combustion: Insights from coupled tangential stretching rate (TSR) and computational singular perturbation (CSP) analysis AlRamadan, Abdullah S.; Galassi, Riccardo Malpica; Ciottoli, Pietro P. Combustion and Flame, Vol. 219 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.combustflame.2020.05.026	journal	September 2020
Auto-ignition study of FACE gasoline and its surrogates at advanced IC engine conditions Kang, Dongil; Fridlyand, Aleksandr; Goldsborough, S. Scott Proceedings of the Combustion Institute, Vol. 37, Issue 4 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.proci.2018.08.053	journal	January 2019
Systematic Computational Study on the Unimolecular Reactions of Alkylperoxy (RO ₂ ), Hydroperoxyalkyl (QOOH), and Hydroperoxyalkylperoxy (O ₂ QOOH) Radicals Miyoshi, Akira The Journal of Physical Chemistry A, Vol. 115, Issue 15 https://doi.org/10.1021/jp112152n	journal	April 2011
High-Pressure Rate Rules for Alkyl + O ₂ Reactions. 2. The Isomerization, Cyclic Ether Formation, and β-Scission Reactions of Hydroperoxy Alkyl Radicals Villano, Stephanie M.; Huynh, Lam K.; Carstensen, Hans-Heinrich The Journal of Physical Chemistry A, Vol. 116, Issue 21 https://doi.org/10.1021/jp3023887	journal	May 2012
Compositional effects on the ignition of FACE gasolines Sarathy, S. Mani; Kukkadapu, Goutham; Mehl, Marco Combustion and Flame, Vol. 169 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.combustflame.2016.04.010	journal	July 2016

Similar Records

New insights into fuel blending effects: Intermolecular chemical kinetic interactions affecting autoignition times and intermediate-temperature heat release

Journal Article · Sat Jul 03 00:00:00 EDT 2021 · Combustion and Flame · OSTI ID:1797554

Cheng, Song; Scott Goldsborough, S.; Saggese, Chiara; +2 more

Autoignition behavior of gasoline/ethanol blends at engine-relevant conditions

Journal Article · Wed Apr 08 00:00:00 EDT 2020 · Combustion and Flame · OSTI ID:1797554

Cheng, Song; Kang, Dongil; Fridlyand, Aleksandr; +7 more

Probing intermediate temperature heat release in autoignition of C3-C4 iso-alcohol/gasoline blends

Journal Article · Sun Aug 01 00:00:00 EDT 2021 · Combustion and Flame · OSTI ID:1797554

Cheng, Song; Goldsborough, S. Scott; Wagnon, Scott W.; +1 more

Related Subjects

37 INORGANIC, ORGANIC, PHYSICAL, AND ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY
Autoignition
Preliminary heat release
Detailed gasoline surrogate chemistry model
Compositional effects
Ethanol blending effects

Title: Autoignition and preliminary heat release of gasoline surrogates and their blends with ethanol at engine-relevant conditions: Experiments and comprehensive kinetic modeling

Citation Formats

References (67)

Similar Records

Related Subjects