Triggering of the largest Deccan eruptions by the Chicxulub impact

Richards, Mark A.; Alvarez, Walter; Self, Stephen; Karlstrom, Leif; Renne, Paul R.; Manga, Michael; Sprain, Courtney J.; Smit, Jan; Vanderkluysen, Loÿc; Gibson, Sally A.

doi:10.1130/B31167.1

Title: Triggering of the largest Deccan eruptions by the Chicxulub impact

Journal Article · Sun Nov 01 00:00:00 EDT 2015 · Geological Society of America, Bulletin

DOI:https://doi.org/10.1130/B31167.1· OSTI ID:1512141

Richards, Mark A. ^[1]; Alvarez, Walter ^[2]; Self, Stephen ^[1]; Karlstrom, Leif ^[3]; Renne, Paul R. ^[4]; Manga, Michael ^[1]; Sprain, Courtney J. ^[4]; Smit, Jan ^[5]; Vanderkluysen, Loÿc ^[6]; Gibson, Sally A. ^[7]

Univ. of California, Berkeley, CA (United States)
Univ. of California, Berkeley, CA (United States); Coldigioco Geological Observatory (Italy)
Univ. of Oregon, Eugene, OR (United States)
Univ. of California, Berkeley, CA (United States); Berkeley Geochronology Center (BGC), CA (United States)
Coldigioco Geological Observatory (Italy); Vrije Univ., Amsterdam (Netherlands)
Drexel Univ., Philadelphia, PA (United States)
Univ. of Cambridge (United Kingdom)

New constraints on the timing of the Cretaceous- Paleogene mass extinction and the Chicxulub impact, together with a particularly voluminous and apparently brief eruptive pulse toward the end of the "main-stage" eruptions of the Deccan continental flood basalt province suggest that these three events may have occurred within less than about a hundred thousand years of each other. Partial melting induced by the Chicxulub event does not provide an energetically plausible explanation for this coincidence, and both geochronologic and magnetic-polarity data show that Deccan volcanism was under way well before Chicxulub/Cretaceous-Paleogene time. However, historical data document that eruptions from existing volcanic systems can be triggered by earthquakes. Seismic modeling of the ground motion due to the Chicxulub impact suggests that the impact could have generated seismic energy densities of order 0.1-1.0 J/m³ throughout the upper ~200 km of Earth's mantle, sufficient to trigger volcanic eruptions worldwide based upon comparison with historical examples. Triggering may have been caused by a transient increase in the effective permeability of the existing deep magmatic system beneath the Deccan province, or mantle plume "head." It is therefore reasonable to hypothesize that the Chicxulub impact might have triggered the enormous Poladpur, Ambenali, and Mahabaleshwar (Wai Subgroup) lava flows, which together may account for >70% of the Deccan Traps main-stage eruptions. This hypothesis here is consistent with independent stratigraphic, geochronologic, geochemical, and tectonic constraints, which combine to indicate that at approximately Chicxulub/Cretaceous- Paleogene time, a huge pulse of mantle plume-derived magma passed through the crust with little interaction and erupted to form the most extensive and voluminous lava flows known on Earth. High-precision radioisotopic dating of the main-phase Deccan flood basalt formations may be able either to confirm or reject this hypothesis, which in turn might help to determine whether this singular outburst within the Deccan Traps (and possibly volcanic eruptions worldwide) contributed significantly to the Cretaceous-Paleogene extinction.

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Research Organization:: Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory (LBNL), Berkeley, CA (United States)

Sponsoring Organization:: USDOE Office of Science (SC)

Grant/Contract Number:: AC02-05CH11231

OSTI ID:: 1512141

Journal Information:: Geological Society of America, Bulletin, Vol. 127, Issue 11-12; ISSN 0016-7606

Publisher:: Geological Society of AmericaCopyright Statement

Country of Publication:: United States

Language:: English

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