Simulated projections of boreal forest peatland ecosystem productivity are sensitive to observed seasonality in leaf physiology

Jensen, Anna M.; Warren, Jeffrey M.; King, Anthony W.; Ricciuto, Daniel M.; Hanson, Paul J.; Wullschleger, Stan D.

doi:10.1093/treephys/tpy140

Title: Simulated projections of boreal forest peatland ecosystem productivity are sensitive to observed seasonality in leaf physiology

Journal Article · Tue Jan 22 00:00:00 EST 2019 · Tree Physiology (Online)

DOI:https://doi.org/10.1093/treephys/tpy140· OSTI ID:1496009

Jensen, Anna M. ^[1];

^[1];

^[1]

Oak Ridge National Lab. (ORNL), Oak Ridge, TN (United States)

We quantified seasonal CO₂ assimilation capacities for seven dominant vascular species in a wet boreal forest peatland then applied data to a land surface model parametrized to the site (ELM-SPRUCE) to test if seasonality in photosynthetic parameters results in differences in simulated plant responses to elevated CO₂ and temperature. We collected seasonal leaf-level gas exchange, nutrient content and stand allometric data from the field-layer community (i.e., Maianthemum trifolium (L.) Sloboda), understory shrubs (Rhododendron groenlandicum (Oeder) Kron and Judd, Chamaedaphne calyculata (L.) Moench., Kalmia polifolia Wangenh. and Vaccinium angustifolium Alton.) and overstory trees (Picea mariana (Mill.) B.S.P. and Larix laricina (Du Roi) K. Koch). We found significant interspecific seasonal differences in specific leaf area, nitrogen content (by area; N_a) and photosynthetic parameters (i.e., maximum rates of Rubisco carboxylation (V_cmax25°C), electron transport (J_max25°C) and dark respiration (R_d25°C)), but minimal correlation between foliar Na and V_cmax25°C, J_max25°C or R_d25°C, which illustrates that nitrogen alone is not a good correlate for physiological processes such as Rubisco activity that can change seasonally in this system. ELM-SPRUCE was sensitive to the introduction of observed interspecific seasonality in V_cmax25°C, J_max25°C and R_d25°C, leading to simulated enhancement of net primary production (NPP) using seasonally dynamic parameters as compared with use of static parameters. This pattern was particularly pronounced under simulations with higher temperature and elevated CO₂, suggesting a key hypothesis to address with future empirical or observational studies as climate changes. As a result, inclusion of species-specific seasonal photosynthetic parameters should improve estimates of boreal ecosystem-level NPP, especially if impacts of seasonal physiological ontogeny can be separated from seasonal thermal acclimation.

View Accepted Manuscript (DOE)

Cite

Export

Save

Research Organization:: Oak Ridge National Lab. (ORNL), Oak Ridge, TN (United States)

Sponsoring Organization:: USDOE Office of Science (SC), Biological and Environmental Research (BER)

Grant/Contract Number:: AC05-00OR22725

OSTI ID:: 1496009

Journal Information:: Tree Physiology (Online), Vol. 39, Issue 4; ISSN 1758-4469

Publisher:: Oxford University PressCopyright Statement

Country of Publication:: United States

Language:: English

Citation Metrics:

Cited by: 7 works

Citation information provided by
Web of Science

References (70)

A model separating leaf structural and physiological effects on carbon gain along light gradients for the shade-tolerant species Acer saccharum Niinemets, U.; Tenhunen, J. D. Plant, Cell and Environment, Vol. 20, Issue 7 https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-3040.1997.d01-133.x	journal	July 1997
Attaining whole-ecosystem warming using air and deep-soil heating methods with an elevated CO ₂ atmosphere Hanson, Paul J.; Riggs, Jeffery S.; Nettles, W. Robert Biogeosciences, Vol. 14, Issue 4 https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-14-861-2017	journal	January 2017
Seasonal variation of carbon dioxide, water vapor, and energy exchanges of a boreal black spruce forest Jarvis, P. G.; Massheder, J. M.; Hale, S. E. Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres, Vol. 102, Issue D24 https://doi.org/10.1029/97JD01176	journal	December 1997
Temperature response of photosynthesis in C3, C4, and CAM plants: temperature acclimation and temperature adaptation Yamori, Wataru; Hikosaka, Kouki; Way, Danielle A. Photosynthesis Research, Vol. 119, Issue 1-2 https://doi.org/10.1007/s11120-013-9874-6	journal	June 2013
Improving canopy processes in the Community Land Model version 4 (CLM4) using global flux fields empirically inferred from FLUXNET data Bonan, Gordon B.; Lawrence, Peter J.; Oleson, Keith W. Journal of Geophysical Research, Vol. 116, Issue G2 https://doi.org/10.1029/2010JG001593	journal	January 2011
Temporal and Spatial Variation in Peatland Carbon Cycling and Implications for Interpreting Responses of an Ecosystem-Scale Warming Experiment Griffiths, Natalie A.; Hanson, Paul J.; Ricciuto, Daniel M. Soil Science Society of America Journal, Vol. 81, Issue 6 https://doi.org/10.2136/sssaj2016.12.0422	journal	January 2017
A new model for relationship between irradiance and the rate of photosynthesis in Oryza sativa Ye, Z. -P. Photosynthetica, Vol. 45, Issue 4 https://doi.org/10.1007/s11099-007-0110-5	journal	December 2007
Nitrogen cycling in a forested Minnesota bog Urban, N. R.; Eisenreich, S. J. Canadian Journal of Botany, Vol. 66, Issue 3 https://doi.org/10.1139/b88-069	journal	March 1988
Reliable estimation of biochemical parameters from C3 leaf photosynthesis-intercellular carbon dioxide response curves: Estimating FvCB model parameters Gu, Lianhong; Pallardy, Stephen G.; Tu, Kevin Plant, Cell & Environment, Vol. 33, Issue 11 https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3040.2010.02192.x	journal	June 2010
A new seasonal-deciduous spring phenology submodel in the Community Land Model 4.5: impacts on carbon and water cycling under future climate scenarios Chen, Min; Melaas, Eli K.; Gray, Josh M. Global Change Biology, Vol. 22, Issue 11 https://doi.org/10.1111/gcb.13326	journal	May 2016
Temperature response of parameters of a biochemically based model of photosynthesis. I. Seasonal changes in mature maritime pine (Pinus pinaster Ait.) Medlyn, B. E.; Loustau, D.; Delzon, S. Plant, Cell and Environment, Vol. 25, Issue 9 https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-3040.2002.00890.x	journal	September 2002
Digital repeat photography for phenological research in forest ecosystems Sonnentag, Oliver; Hufkens, Koen; Teshera-Sterne, Cory Agricultural and Forest Meteorology, Vol. 152 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agrformet.2011.09.009	journal	January 2012
Autumn photosynthetic decline and growth cessation in seedlings of white spruce are decoupled under warming and photoperiod manipulations: Day length and warming alter carbon and growth Stinziano, Joseph R.; Way, Danielle A. Plant, Cell & Environment, Vol. 40, Issue 8 https://doi.org/10.1111/pce.12917	journal	March 2017
Photosynthetic Response and Adaptation to Temperature in Higher Plants Berry, J.; Bjorkman, O. Annual Review of Plant Physiology, Vol. 31, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.pp.31.060180.002423	journal	June 1980
Field and controlled environment measurements show strong seasonal acclimation in photosynthesis and respiration potential in boreal Scots pine Kolari, Pasi; Chan, Tommy; Porcar-Castell, Albert Frontiers in Plant Science, Vol. 5 https://doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2014.00717	journal	December 2014
Carbon, Nitrogen, Phosphorus, and Potassium Stoichiometry in an Ombrotrophic Peatland Reflects Plant Functional Type Wang, Meng; Moore, Tim R. Ecosystems, Vol. 17, Issue 4 https://doi.org/10.1007/s10021-014-9752-x	journal	February 2014
The key role of forests in meeting climate targets requires science for credible mitigation Grassi, Giacomo; House, Jo; Dentener, Frank Nature Climate Change, Vol. 7, Issue 3 https://doi.org/10.1038/nclimate3227	journal	February 2017
A non-radioactive method for measuring Rubisco activase activity in the presence of variable ATP: ADP ratios, including modifications for measuring the activity and activation state of Rubisco Scales, Joanna C.; Parry, Martin A. J.; Salvucci, Michael E. Photosynthesis Research, Vol. 119, Issue 3 https://doi.org/10.1007/s11120-013-9964-5	journal	January 2014
Biochemical Limitations to Carbon Assimilation in C ₃ Plants—A Retrospective Analysis of the A/C _i Curves from 109 Species Wullschleger, Stan D. Journal of Experimental Botany, Vol. 44, Issue 5 https://doi.org/10.1093/jxb/44.5.907	journal	January 1993
Gaps in knowledge and data driving uncertainty in models of photosynthesis Dietze, Michael C. Photosynthesis Research, Vol. 119, Issue 1-2 https://doi.org/10.1007/s11120-013-9836-z	journal	May 2013
Photosynthesis and light-use efficiency by plants in a Canadian boreal forest ecosystem Whitehead, D.; Gower, S. T. Tree Physiology, Vol. 21, Issue 12-13 https://doi.org/10.1093/treephys/21.12-13.925	journal	August 2001
Leaf development and demography explain photosynthetic seasonality in Amazon evergreen forests Wu, J.; Albert, L. P.; Lopes, A. P. Science, Vol. 351, Issue 6276 https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aad5068	journal	February 2016
Effects of seasonal variation of photosynthetic capacity on the carbon fluxes of a temperate deciduous forest: SEASONALITY OF PHOTOSYNTHETIC CAPACITY Medvigy, David; Jeong, Su-Jong; Clark, Kenneth L. Journal of Geophysical Research: Biogeosciences, Vol. 118, Issue 4 https://doi.org/10.1002/2013JG002421	journal	December 2013
Effects of nutrient addition on leaf chemistry, morphology, and photosynthetic capacity of three bog shrubs Bubier, Jill L.; Smith, Rose; Juutinen, Sari Oecologia, Vol. 167, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.1007/s00442-011-1998-9	journal	May 2011
Warming delays autumn declines in photosynthetic capacity in a boreal conifer, Norway spruce ( Picea abies ) Stinziano, Joseph R.; Hüner, Norman P. A.; Way, Danielle A. Tree Physiology, Vol. 35, Issue 12 https://doi.org/10.1093/treephys/tpv118	journal	November 2015
A review of precipitation and temperature control on seedling emergence and establishment for ponderosa and lodgepole pine forest regeneration Petrie, M. D.; Wildeman, A. M.; Bradford, J. B. Forest Ecology and Management, Vol. 361 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foreco.2015.11.028	journal	February 2016
Leaf Structural and Photosynthetic Characteristics, and Biomass Allocation to Foliage in Relation to Foliar Nitrogen Content and Tree Size in Three Betula Species Niinemets, U. Annals of Botany, Vol. 89, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.1093/aob/mcf025	journal	February 2002
Soil organisms and global climate change: Soil organisms and global climate change Pritchard, S. G. Plant Pathology, Vol. 60, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3059.2010.02405.x	journal	January 2011
Northern peatland carbon stocks and dynamics: a review Yu, Z. C. Biogeosciences, Vol. 9, Issue 10 https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-9-4071-2012	journal	January 2012
The use and misuse of V c,max in Earth System Models Rogers, Alistair Photosynthesis Research, Vol. 119, Issue 1-2 https://doi.org/10.1007/s11120-013-9818-1	journal	April 2013
Plant respiration and photosynthesis in global-scale models: incorporating acclimation to temperature and CO ₂ Smith, Nicholas G.; Dukes, Jeffrey S. Global Change Biology, Vol. 19, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2486.2012.02797.x	journal	September 2012
Fitting net photosynthetic light-response curves with Microsoft Excel — a critical look at the models Lobo, F. de A.; de Barros, M. P.; Dalmagro, H. J. Photosynthetica, Vol. 51, Issue 3 https://doi.org/10.1007/s11099-013-0045-y	journal	June 2013
Tamm Review: On the nature of the nitrogen limitation to plant growth in Fennoscandian boreal forests Högberg, Peter; Näsholm, Torgny; Franklin, Oskar Forest Ecology and Management, Vol. 403 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foreco.2017.04.045	journal	November 2017
A roadmap for improving the representation of photosynthesis in Earth system models Rogers, Alistair; Medlyn, Belinda E.; Dukes, Jeffrey S. New Phytologist, Vol. 213, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1111/nph.14283	journal	November 2016
Seasonal and interannual variability of photosynthetic capacity in relation to leaf nitrogen in a deciduous forest plantation in northern Italy Grassi, G.; Vicinelli, E.; Ponti, F. Tree Physiology, Vol. 25, Issue 3 https://doi.org/10.1093/treephys/25.3.349	journal	March 2005
Parameterization and testing of a coupled photosynthesis-stomatal conductance model for boreal trees Dang, Q. -L.; Margolis, H. A.; Collatz, G. J. Tree Physiology, Vol. 18, Issue 3 https://doi.org/10.1093/treephys/18.3.141	journal	March 1998
Representing northern peatland microtopography and hydrology within the Community Land Model Shi, X.; Thornton, P. E.; Ricciuto, D. M. Biogeosciences, Vol. 12, Issue 21 https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-12-6463-2015	journal	January 2015
Effect of climate change on bud phenology of young aspen plants ( Populus tremula . L) Sivadasan, Unnikrishnan; Randriamanana, Tendry; Chenhao, Cao Ecology and Evolution, Vol. 7, Issue 19 https://doi.org/10.1002/ece3.3352	journal	September 2017
The relationship of leaf photosynthetic traits - V _cmax and J _max - to leaf nitrogen, leaf phosphorus, and specific leaf area: a meta-analysis and modeling study Walker, Anthony P.; Beckerman, Andrew P.; Gu, Lianhong Ecology and Evolution, Vol. 4, Issue 16 https://doi.org/10.1002/ece3.1173	journal	July 2014
Gas exchange in a 20-year-old stand of Scots pine. I. Net photosynthesis of current and one-year-old shoots within and between seasons Troeng, E.; Linder, S. Physiologia Plantarum, Vol. 54, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1399-3054.1982.tb00569.x	journal	January 1982
Biochemical photosynthetic responses to temperature: how do interspecific differences compare with seasonal shifts? Lin, Y. -S.; Medlyn, B. E.; De Kauwe, M. G. Tree Physiology, Vol. 33, Issue 8 https://doi.org/10.1093/treephys/tpt047	journal	July 2013
An Improved Canopy Integration Scheme for a Land Surface Model with Prognostic Canopy Structure Thornton, Peter E.; Zimmermann, Niklaus E. Journal of Climate, Vol. 20, Issue 15 https://doi.org/10.1175/JCLI4222.1	journal	August 2007
Leaf age affects the seasonal pattern of photosynthetic capacityand net ecosystem exchange of carbon in a deciduous forest Wilson, K. B.; Baldocchi, D. D.; Hanson, P. J. Plant, Cell and Environment, Vol. 24, Issue 6 https://doi.org/10.1046/j.0016-8025.2001.00706.x	journal	June 2001
Ecosystem warming extends vegetation activity but heightens vulnerability to cold temperatures Richardson, Andrew D.; Hufkens, Koen; Milliman, Thomas Nature, Vol. 560, Issue 7718, p. 368-371 https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-018-0399-1	journal	August 2018
Plant carbon metabolism and climate change: elevated CO ₂ and temperature impacts on photosynthesis, photorespiration and respiration Dusenge, Mirindi Eric; Duarte, André Galvao; Way, Danielle A. New Phytologist, Vol. 221, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1111/nph.15283	journal	July 2018
Physiological and environmental regulation of stomatal conductance, photosynthesis and transpiration: a model that includes a laminar boundary layer Collatz, G. James; Ball, J. Timothy; Grivet, Cyril Agricultural and Forest Meteorology, Vol. 54, Issue 2-4 https://doi.org/10.1016/0168-1923(91)90002-8	journal	April 1991
Leaf chlorophyll content as a proxy for leaf photosynthetic capacity Croft, Holly; Chen, Jing M.; Luo, Xiangzhong Global Change Biology, Vol. 23, Issue 9 https://doi.org/10.1111/gcb.13599	journal	January 2017
Differential responses to changes in growth temperature between trees from different functional groups and biomes: a review and synthesis of data Way, D. A.; Oren, R. Tree Physiology, Vol. 30, Issue 6 https://doi.org/10.1093/treephys/tpq015	journal	April 2010
A Revised Land Surface Parameterization (SiB2) for Atmospheric GCMS. Part I: Model Formulation Sellers, P. J.; Randall, D. A.; Collatz, G. J. Journal of Climate, Vol. 9, Issue 4 https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0442(1996)009<0676:ARLSPF>2.0.CO;2	journal	April 1996
Comparisons of seasonal changes in photosynthetic capacity, pigments, and carbohydrates of healthy sapling and mature red spruce and of declining and healthy red spruce Amundson, R. G.; Hadley, J. L.; Fincher, J. F. Canadian Journal of Forest Research, Vol. 22, Issue 11 https://doi.org/10.1139/x92-213	journal	November 1992
Seasonal variations in photosynthesis of Picea morrisonicola growing in the subalpine region of subtropical Taiwan Weng, J. -H.; Liao, T. -S.; Sun, K. -H. Tree Physiology, Vol. 25, Issue 8 https://doi.org/10.1093/treephys/25.8.973	journal	August 2005
Photoperiodic regulation of the seasonal pattern of photosynthetic capacity and the implications for carbon cycling Bauerle, W. L.; Oren, R.; Way, D. A. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, Vol. 109, Issue 22 https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1119131109	journal	May 2012
Needle age and season influence photosynthetic temperature response and total annual carbon uptake in mature Picea mariana trees Jensen, Anna M.; Warren, Jeffrey M.; Hanson, Paul J. Annals of Botany, Vol. 116, Issue 5 https://doi.org/10.1093/aob/mcv115	journal	July 2015
Enhanced seasonal CO2 exchange caused by amplified plant productivity in northern ecosystems Forkel, M.; Carvalhais, N.; Rodenbeck, C. Science, Vol. 351, Issue 6274 https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aac4971	journal	January 2016
Ecosystem model spin-up: Estimating steady state conditions in a coupled terrestrial carbon and nitrogen cycle model Thornton, Peter E.; Rosenbloom, Nan A. Ecological Modelling, Vol. 189, Issue 1-2 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolmodel.2005.04.008	journal	November 2005
Spatial and seasonal variability of photosynthetic parameters and their relationship to leaf nitrogen in a deciduous forest Wilson, K. B.; Baldocchi, D. D.; Hanson, P. J. Tree Physiology, Vol. 20, Issue 9 https://doi.org/10.1093/treephys/20.9.565	journal	May 2000
Interspecific difference in the photosynthesis?nitrogen relationship: patterns, physiological causes, and ecological importance Hikosaka, Kouki Journal of Plant Research, Vol. 117, Issue 6 https://doi.org/10.1007/s10265-004-0174-2	journal	October 2004
The effect of vertically resolved soil biogeochemistry and alternate soil C and N models on C dynamics of CLM4 Koven, C. D.; Riley, W. J.; Subin, Z. M. Biogeosciences, Vol. 10, Issue 11 https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-10-7109-2013	journal	January 2013
Moderately High Temperatures Inhibit Ribulose-1,5-Bisphosphate Carboxylase/Oxygenase (Rubisco) Activase-Mediated Activation of Rubisco Feller, Urs; Crafts-Brandner, Steven J.; Salvucci, Michael E. Plant Physiology, Vol. 116, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.1104/pp.116.2.539	journal	February 1998
Role of CO ₂ , climate and land use in regulating the seasonal amplitude increase of carbon fluxes in terrestrial ecosystems: a multimodel analysis Zhao, Fang; Zeng, Ning; Asrar, Ghassem Biogeosciences, Vol. 13, Issue 17 https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-13-5121-2016	journal	January 2016
The Unified North American Soil Map and its implication on the soil organic carbon stock in North America Liu, S.; Wei, Y.; Post, W. M. Biogeosciences, Vol. 10, Issue 5 https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-10-2915-2013	journal	January 2013
Leaf age and seasonal effects on light, water, and nitrogen use efficiency in a California shrub Field, C.; Mooney, H. A. Oecologia, Vol. 56, Issue 2-3 https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00379711	journal	February 1983
Temperature Response of Mesophyll Conductance. Implications for the Determination of Rubisco Enzyme Kinetics and for Limitations to Photosynthesis in Vivo Bernacchi, Carl J.; Portis, Archie R.; Nakano, Hiromi Plant Physiology, Vol. 130, Issue 4 https://doi.org/10.1104/pp.008250	journal	November 2002
Adjustment of leaf photosynthesis to shade in a natural canopy: reallocation of nitrogen Eichelmann, H.; Oja, V.; Rasulov, B. Plant, Cell and Environment, Vol. 28, Issue 3 https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3040.2004.01275.x	journal	March 2005
Terrestrial biosphere models underestimate photosynthetic capacity and CO ₂ assimilation in the Arctic Rogers, Alistair; Serbin, Shawn P.; Ely, Kim S. New Phytologist, Vol. 216, Issue 4 https://doi.org/10.1111/nph.14740	journal	September 2017
A biochemical model of photosynthetic CO2 assimilation in leaves of C3 species Farquhar, G. D.; von Caemmerer, S.; Berry, J. A. Planta, Vol. 149, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00386231	journal	June 1980
Photosynthesis patterns during the establishment year within two Populus clones with contrasting morphology and phenology Michael, D. A.; Dickmann, D. I.; Isebrands, J. G. Tree Physiology, Vol. 6, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1093/treephys/6.1.11	journal	March 1990
High-light acclimation in Quercus robur L. seedlings upon over-topping a shaded environment Jensen, Anna M.; Gardiner, Emile S.; Vaughn, Kevin C. Environmental and Experimental Botany, Vol. 78 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envexpbot.2011.12.020	journal	May 2012
Dynamics of global forest area: Results from the FAO Global Forest Resources Assessment 2015 Keenan, Rodney J.; Reams, Gregory A.; Achard, Frédéric Forest Ecology and Management, Vol. 352 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foreco.2015.06.014	journal	September 2015
Plant functional types in Earth system models: past experiences and future directions for application of dynamic vegetation models in high-latitude ecosystems Wullschleger, Stan D.; Epstein, Howard E.; Box, Elgene O. Annals of Botany, Vol. 114, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1093/aob/mcu077	journal	May 2014

Similar Records

SPRUCE Diurnal and Seasonal Patterns of Water Potential in S1 Bog and SPRUCE Experimental Plot Vegetation beginning in 2010

Dataset · Fri Jan 01 00:00:00 EST 2021 · OSTI ID:1496009

Warren, Jeffery M.; Peters, Jen M.R.; Childs, Joanne; +3 more

Surprising lack of sensitivity of biochemical limitation of photosynthesis of nine tree species to open‐air experimental warming and reduced rainfall in a southern boreal forest

Journal Article · Wed Sep 18 00:00:00 EDT 2019 · Global Change Biology · OSTI ID:1496009

Stefanski, Artur; Bermudez, Raimundo; Sendall, Kerrie M.; +2 more

Rapid estimation of photosynthetic leaf traits of tropical plants in diverse environmental conditions using reflectance spectroscopy

Journal Article · Tue Oct 19 00:00:00 EDT 2021 · PLoS ONE · OSTI ID:1496009

Lamour, Julien; Davidson, Kenneth J.; Ely, Kim S.; +5 more

Related Subjects

54 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES

Title: Simulated projections of boreal forest peatland ecosystem productivity are sensitive to observed seasonality in leaf physiology

Citation Formats

References (70)

Similar Records

Related Subjects