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Title: Microscopic Theory of Nuclear Fission: A Review

Journal Article · · Reports on Progress in Physics
 [1];  [2]
  1. Lawrence Livermore National Lab. (LLNL), Livermore, CA (United States). Nuclear and Chemical Science Division
  2. Autonomous Univ. of Madrid (Spain). Dept. de Fisica Teorica

This paper reviews how nuclear fission is described within nuclear density functional theory. A distinction should be made between spontaneous fission, where half-lives are the main observables and quantum tunnelling the essential concept, and induced fission, where the focus is on fragment properties and explicitly time-dependent approaches are often invoked. Overall, the cornerstone of the density functional theory approach to fission is the energy density functional formalism. The basic tenets of this method, including some well-known tools such as the Hartree–Fock–Bogoliubov (HFB) theory, effective two-body nuclear potentials such as the Skyrme and Gogny force, finite-temperature extensions and beyond mean-field corrections, are presented succinctly. The energy density functional approach is often combined with the hypothesis that the time-scale of the large amplitude collective motion driving the system to fission is slow compared to typical time-scales of nucleons inside the nucleus. In practice, this hypothesis of adiabaticity is implemented by introducing (a few) collective variables and mapping out the many-body Schrödinger equation into a collective Schrödinger-like equation for the nuclear wave-packet. The region of the collective space where the system transitions from one nucleus to two (or more) fragments defines what are called the scission configurations. The inertia tensor that enters the kinetic energy term of the collective Schrödinger-like equation is one of the most essential ingredients of the theory, since it includes the response of the system to small changes in the collective variables. For this reason, the two main approximations used to compute this inertia tensor, the adiabatic time-dependent HFB and the generator coordinate method, are presented in detail, both in their general formulation and in their most common approximations. The collective inertia tensor enters also the Wentzel–Kramers–Brillouin (WKB) formula used to extract spontaneous fission half-lives from multi-dimensional quantum tunnelling probabilities (For the sake of completeness, other approaches to tunnelling based on functional integrals are also briefly discussed, although there are very few applications.) It is also an important component of some of the time-dependent methods that have been used in fission studies. Concerning the latter, both the semi-classical approaches to time-dependent nuclear dynamics and more microscopic theories involving explicit quantum-many-body methods are presented. One of the hallmarks of the microscopic theory of fission is the tremendous amount of computing needed for practical applications. In particular, the successful implementation of the theories presented in this article requires a very precise numerical resolution of the HFB equations for large values of the collective variables. This aspect is often overlooked, and several sections are devoted to discussing the resolution of the HFB equations, especially in the context of very deformed nuclear shapes. In particular, the numerical precision and iterative methods employed to obtain the HFB solution are documented in detail. Finally, a selection of the most recent and representative results obtained for both spontaneous and induced fission is presented, with the goal of emphasizing the coherence of the microscopic approaches employed. In conclusion, although impressive progress has been achieved over the last two decades to understand fission microscopically, much work remains to be done. Several possible lines of research are outlined in the conclusion.

Research Organization:
Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL), Oak Ridge, TN (United States). Oak Ridge Leadership Computing Facility (OLCF); Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory (LLNL), Livermore, CA (United States)
Sponsoring Organization:
USDOE Office of Science (SC), Advanced Scientific Computing Research (ASCR)
Grant/Contract Number:
AC52-07NA27344
OSTI ID:
1341968
Alternate ID(s):
OSTI ID: 1328599
Report Number(s):
LLNL-JRNL-680281; TRN: US1701535
Journal Information:
Reports on Progress in Physics, Vol. 79, Issue 11; ISSN 0034-4885
Publisher:
IOP PublishingCopyright Statement
Country of Publication:
United States
Language:
English
Citation Metrics:
Cited by: 164 works
Citation information provided by
Web of Science

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Basis-spline collocation method for the lattice solution of boundary value problems journal August 1990
Towards a better parametrisation of Skyrme-like effective forces: A critical study of the SkM force text January 1982
Classical theory of collective motion in the large amplitude, small velocity regime journal May 1991
Extended Thomas-Fermi theory at finite temperature text January 1985
Nuclear masses and deformations journal June 1966
Consequences of the center–of–mass correction in nuclear mean–field models text January 2000
Funny Hills: The Shell-Correction Approach to Nuclear Shell Effects and its Applications to the Fission Process text January 1972
Density functional theory for self-bound systems text January 2007
Fission of super-heavy nuclei explored with Skyrme forces preprint January 2010
Particle transfer reactions with the time-dependent Hartree-Fock theory using a particle number projection technique text January 2010
Relativistic Nuclear Energy Density Functionals: Mean-Field and Beyond text January 2011
Application of the gradient method to Hartree-Fock-Bogoliubov theory text January 2011
Fission-fragment mass distributions from strongly damped shape evolution text January 2011
Pairing dynamics in particle transport text January 2012
Parity restoration in the Highly Truncated Diagonalization Approach: application to the outer fission barrier of $^{240}$Pu text January 2012
Axially deformed solution of the Skyrme-Hartree-Fock-Bogolyubov equations using the transformed harmonic oscillator basis (II) HFBTHO v2.00d: a new version of the program text January 2012
Spontaneous fission lifetimes from the minimization of self-consistent collective action text January 2013
Microscopic description of fission in Uranium isotopes with the Gogny energy density functional text January 2013
Solution of the Skyrme HF+BCS equation on a 3D mesh. II. A new version of the Ev8 code text January 2014
The Skyrme Interaction in finite nuclei and nuclear matter text January 2006
Gauge-Invariant Formulation of Adiabatic Self-Consistent Collective Coordinate Method text January 2007
Superdeformed rotational bands in the Mercury region; A Cranked Skyrme-Hartree-Fock-Bogoliubov study text January 1993
Relativistic Hartree-Bogoliubov theory with finite range pairing forces in coordinate space: Neutron halo in light nuclei text January 1997
Potential energy surfaces of superheavy nuclei text January 1999

Cited By (12)

Using excitation-energy dependent fission yields to identify key fissioning nuclei in r -process nucleosynthesis journal April 2019
Yields distribution of induced fission with improved scission point model journal November 2019
Diabatic paths through the scission point in nuclear fission journal August 2019
Benchmark of the GEF code for fission-fragment yields over an enlarged range in fissioning nucleus mass, excitation energy, and angular momentum journal October 2018
Nuclear Fission: from more phenomenology and adjusted parameters to more fundamental theory and increased predictive power journal January 2017
Superfluidity in nuclear systems and neutron stars journal September 2019
Review on the progress in nuclear fission—experimental methods and theoretical descriptions journal September 2018
Scission dynamics with K partitions journal June 2018
Daniel Gogny’s vision for a microscopic theory of fission journal May 2017
Nuclear fission: a review of experimental advances and phenomenology journal November 2017
First Direct Measurement of Isotopic Fission-Fragment Yields of U 239 journal August 2019
Fission properties of superheavy nuclei for r-process calculations text January 2017

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